Egosyntonic and egodystonic
Egomania
- Egomania - Wikipedia - “Egomania is also known as an obsessive preoccupation with one's self[1] and applies to someone who follows their own ungoverned impulses and is possessed by delusions of personal greatness and feels a lack of appreciation.[2] Someone suffering from this extreme egocentric focus is an egomaniac. The condition is psychologically abnormal.”
- egomaniac - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com - “Just because you like to take selfies doesn't make you an egomaniac — a true egomaniac has a psychological disorder that makes him believe that he is the greatest, most important person in the world.”
- The ego has landed: A personal look at egomania | drmarkgriffiths - “Egomaniacs are typically characterized as individuals who believe the ‘whole world revolves around them’ and that they are ‘the centre of the universe’. Reinstein also claims in his article that “most egomaniacs suffer from delusions of personal greatness that cover over deeper feelings of inadequacy and insecurity. Everything is to, from, for and about them”. (And on that definition I would certainly rule out myself as being an egomaniac). Egomania also seems to be a close cousin of megalomania (i.e., a disorder in which individuals believe they are more powerful, important, or influential than is actually true – and a possible contender for a future blog!).”
- Egomania @ Hermes -press - “Egomania is not just an arrested stage of development, not merely a slight malady or a minor social aberration; it is a blindness to reality which leads to death: death of oneself and others. The obsession with self and the grudging obedience to authority becomes so pervasive and consuming that we lose touch with reality and begin to live in solipsistic fantasy worlds. Carrier going to war The infantile personality responds only to gross symbols, ideas, and commands:”
Battle of egos
- Battle of egos - Wikipedia - “A type of dueling similar to a pissing contest, ego battles are often seen as an arrogant way to determine who is the "bigger man" (as far as being superior right in an argument) by a competitive methodology that is not especially productive.”
Egocentrism
- The concept of egocentrism in the context of Piaget’s theory
- Egocentrism @ Education.com - “But the transition to formal operations involves its own variant of egocentrism—what Elkind (1967) termed “adolescent egocentrism.” Here adolescents fail to differentiate between what is the object of their concern (which is the self) from what is the concern of others. Hence teenagers beset by adolescent egocentrism believe that others are as concerned about them as they are about themselves. “
- Tutorial: Cognitive Egocentrism Theory Of Mind
- Who is an Egocentric? @No Bullying - “According to the “assumed similarity bias,” for example, we will believe that others agree with our views, even when there is little objective reason for thinking that they indeed, agree (PSY Blog).“
- Cognitive Egocentrism | Augean Stables - “In a slightly more redemptive mode, LCE [(Liberal Cognitive Egocentrism)] holds that all people are good, and if only we treat them right, they will respond well.”
- egocentrism | psychology | Britannica.com - “Research on heuristics and biases that affect human judgment has demonstrated that, even well into adulthood, people’s perceptions are characterized by various egocentric shortcomings. They include the false-consensus effect, whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their own preferences are shared by others; the curse-of-knowledge effect, whereby experts in a particular domain fail to adequately take into account the level of knowledge of laypeople with whom they are communicating; the illusion of transparency, whereby people tend to exaggerate the degree to which their internal emotional states (such as anxiety during public speaking) are evident to outside observers; and the spotlight effect, whereby people tend to overestimate the degree to which aspects of their appearance and actions are noticed by others.”
- Egocentrism - Children, Piaget, Cognitive, and Stage @ JRank Articles
- Anxiety Leads To Egocentrism: Feeling Uncertain We Turn Inward To Consult Our Own Feelings @Medical Daily - “The researchers believe these results “suggest that incidentally experiencing emotions associated with uncertainty increase reliance on one’s own egocentric perspective when reasoning about the mental states of others.” Intuitively, most of us would agree: Feeling uncertain or anxious, isn't it natural to close up and turn inward?”
- Life is Egocentric @ Water Wind
- Egocentrism - Wikipedia - “Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schemas from objective reality; an inability to understand or assume any perspective other than their own.”
- Preoperational Stage - Egocentrism | Simply Psychology - “Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view.”
- It’s a Fine Line Between Narcissism and Egocentrism | Psychology Today - “oung children seem cognitively unable to take the perspective of another person. This fact, incidentally, makes them easy to beat at a two-person perspective game such as checkers. They can’t imagine what the board looks like to you, and as a result, will make mistakes caused by their assumptions that you see what they see.”
- Egocentrism definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
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Ego integrity
Ego ideal
Self-discrepancy theory
- Self-Discrepancy Theory @ Changing Minds - “When the actual experience is somewhat less than we think we can achieve, we tend to feel a pattern of feelings such as sadness, dissatisfaction and other depressive senses. When experience is less that we feel we should achieve, we experience fear, worry and other anxieties.”
- Self Discrepancy Theory - Dictionary definition of Self Discrepancy Theory | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary - “Timothy Strauman (1992) applied self discrepancy theory to psychological disorders of emotion. He found that individuals reporting symptoms of depression had larger discrepancies from their ideal selves, while individuals reporting symptoms of anxiety had larger discrepancies from their ought selves.”
- Self-Discrepancy Theory | Comm. Theory - “The discrepancy between the ought self and the actual self is in the same vein as the first discrepancy: low self-esteem, a sense of moral worthlessness, and social anxiety. This could be seen through how as a culture we are taught that ought not dress up as the opposite gender, but a drag queen obviously does not adhere to his standard. While they might be proud of their ability to defy the gap, others who hide the fact that they cross-dress suffer emotional discomfort from this discrepancy. “
- Self-discrepancy theory - YouTube
- Haley: Self-Discrepancy Theory - “The self-discrepancy theory is the idea that you take on three different selves. The “ideal self” is your perfect version of yourself, how you truly want to be. The “ought self” is how you ought to be in the eyes of society, religion, the media, the law, your family/friends, etc. The “actual self” is the reality of who you are.”
- Self-Discrepancy Theory | Psychology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia - “ Self-discrepancy theory is a structure that helps bring understanding to the different types of negative emotions experienced by people who hold conflicting self-beliefs, or a discrepancy, about themselves (1).”
- Self-discrepancy theory - Wikipedia - “The self-discrepancy theory states that people compare themselves to internalized standards called "self-guides". These different representations of the self can be contradictory and result in emotional discomfort. Self-discrepancy is the gap between two of these self-representations. The theory states that people are motivated to reduce the gap in order to remove disparity in self-guides.”
- Self-Discrepancy Theory - PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki
- Self discrepancy theory / Dr. Simon Moss - Sicotests - “According to this theory, throughout the lifespan, individuals learn the duties and obligations they must fulfill to preclude sudden, adverse events or punishments (Higgins, 1987). Over time, these duties and obligations consolidate to form an abstracted set of principles, designated as an ought self guide (Higgins, 1987). When individuals feel they might not have fulfilled these duties and obligations, they experience an impending sense of punishment, experienced as agitation and anxiety (Strauman, 1989).”
- Evokit Notes (Self-Discrepancy Theory) - “The theory states that people compare self-states representations. For example, people compare the way they perceive themselves to be (one self-state) to the way they want to be (another self-state). “
Self-affirmation theory
- Self-Affirmation Theory @ Changing Minds - “This theory explains how people will reduce the impact of a threat to their self-concept by focusing on and affirming their competence in some other area. Knock my self-esteem in one area and I’ll try and compensate by thinking about another area.”
- Self-affirmation - Wikipedia - “Self-affirmation theory contends that if individuals reflect on values that are personally relevant to them, they are less likely to experience distress and react defensively when confronted with information that contradicts or threatens their sense of self.”
- Self affirmation theory / Dr. Simon Moss - Sicotests - “According to self affirmation theory, propounded by Steele (1988), individuals do not strive to perceive themselves favorably in every facet of their live. They merely attempt to maintain a global perception of themselves as positive--that is, to demonstrate integrity. When a specific attribute is challenged. For example, individuals might be informed they cannot sing& they do not necessarily feel the motivation to trivialize or deny this criticism. “
- Accepting Threatening Information: Self–Affirmation and the Reduction of Defensive Biases - “Self–affirmed individuals are more likely to accept information that they would otherwise view as threatening, and subsequently to change their beliefs and even their behavior in a desirable fashion.”
- Micro Class: Self-Affirmation Theory - YouTube
- self affirmation theory | AffirmWare - “ People who will be responding to several threats will often be using psychological adaptation and affirmative self control in order to handle the situation. Because of their control, they will be able to cope with the events without resorting to any negative reactions. “
- What is SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY? definition of SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY (Psychology Dictionary) - too short to put here.
The self/ identifty
Self-schema
- Schema @ Changing Minds - “A schema is a mental structure we use to organize and simplify our knowledge of the world around us. We have schemas about ourselves, other people, mechanical devices, food, and in fact almost everything.Schemas can be related to one another, sometimes in a hierarchy (so a salesman is a man is a human).“
- Self-Schema definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com - “A self-schema is a belief or idea about oneself that leads to a bias that is self-perpetuating. It could consist of a particular role in society or a generalization based on social sterotypes.“
- Discovering The Self Concept. What is a Self-Schema and How We Define Self-Concept in Social Psychology. @ Hub Pages -”Understanding the concept of self begins with the beliefs by which a person defines who they are. These defining beliefs are called self-schemas and are the building blocks with which identity is constructed (Myers, 2010). Self-schemas are the diagrams through which people evaluate themselves and others (Myers, 2010).”
- Self Schema - “Schematic - having a schema for a particular dimension
- we are self-schematic on dimensions that:are important to us, on dimensions for which we think of ourselves as extreme, and on dimensions, on which we are certain that the opposite does not hold. (e.g. independence - not dependent, much knowledge indicating one's independence, a particular ethnicity, being an athlete)”
- We use our schema to filter information. We think harder about schema relevant information.”
- What Is a Self-Schema? - “Among other things, people can hold self-schemas about:
- Physical characteristics ('I'm pretty,' 'I'm overweight').Interests ('I love sports,' 'I like art')
- Personality traits ('I'm shy,' 'I'm friendly').Behaviors ('I'm assertive,' 'I avoid conflict')”
- Self-schema @ Wikipedia - “The self-schema refers to a long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person's beliefs, experiences and generalizations about the self, in specific behavioral domains. A person may have a self-schema based on any aspect of himself or herself as a person, including physical characteristics, personality traits and interests, as long as they consider that aspect of their self important to their own self-definition....The term schematic describes having a particular schema for a particular dimension. For instance, a person in a rock band at night would have a "rocker" schema. However, during the day, if he works as a salesperson, he would have a "salesperson" schema during that period of time.”
Self-stereotyping
- Self-stereotyping: the central role of an ingroup threatening identity. - PubMed - NCBI - “Specifically, we investigated the effects of an experimental manipulation that was conceived to either threaten or protect the natural group membership of participants from either a low- or a high-status group on the level of self-stereotyping. The findings supported the idea that only low-status group members protected themselves when their group identity was threatened through increased self-stereotyping.”
- Self-stereotyping - Wikipedia - “Within social psychology self-stereotyping is a process described as part of Social Identity Theory (SIT)[1][2] and, more specifically, Self-Categorization Theory (SCT).[3] Self-stereotyping (or autostereotyping) occurs when an individual integrates commonly held characterizations (i.e. stereotypes or prototypes) of an in-group into his or her self-concept.”
- Self-Stereotyping (SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY) - iResearchNet - “Self-stereotyping is also determined by efforts to maintain an optimal level of closeness to the group. The closer individuals feel to the group, the more likely they are to see themselves as possessing characteristics associated with the group. Conversely, when group members perceive themselves as distinctly different from other members of their group, they engage in self-stereotyping to lessen this feeling....Finally, interpersonal relationships act as pathways through which individuals come to self-stereotype. People who think close others, or a new person with whom they want to affiliate, hold stereotypic beliefs about their group, are more likely to see themselves in a stereotypic manner.”
- How We Think Is How We Are: The Power of Self-Stereotyping | Big Think - “Be in control of your habits of thinking. And realize that they apply to you just as they do to others, that they can effect not only your point of view, frame of reference, and general mindset, but also, your ability to perform to the best of your abilities and to live up to your own highest expectations – and not to the hypothetical expectations that the world might have of someone who fits a broad, stereotyped category that you just happen to fill in its mind.”
- Self-stereotyping depends on most salient social identity - “They found that when the women identified their gender, they evaluated their own verbal ability more favorably and thought that others would do the same. But when they identified their Asian-American ethnicity, they evaluated their math ability more favorably and thought that others would do the same.”
- Self-stereotyping - an Age Old Problem | Huffington Post - “Research conducted in the US by Susan Fiske and her team at Princeton found that people differentiated groups in society along two dimensions, competence and warmth. The category ‘elderly’ was grouped with ‘disabled’, ‘retarded’, ‘blind’, ‘housecleaners and ‘housewives’ as rating low on competence but high on warmth. In situations where an older person was rated as competent they were often rated lower on warmth, suggesting that older people are only evaluated positively if they pose no obvious competitive threat.” In this case, we should also include how we look at fat people, ugly people,etc. Fat can and does = healthy, ugly people are not evil and thin people are not always anorexic.
Collective identity
- Introduction: Association with Collective Identities - “The sociological literature on identity suggests that identity and the related concept of identification are about situating an individual actor in society, about classification or categorisation (Tajfel 1974; Rummens 2001; Ashmore et al. 2004) and about the labelling of elements (individuals, groups) that share a same-ness (Tastsoglou 2001; Bokser-Liwerant 2002). As Tajfel, developer of social identity theory in the 1970s, indicates, identity in a social context involves “the individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the emotional significance attached to that membership” (Tajfel 1974, 69).”
- Collective Identity as Shared Ethical Self-Understanding - “While a media system that discourages participation meets the normative standards of representative democracy, democratic theorizations that call for an active and engaged citizenry require a media that can develop and articulate a sense of collective identity. “
Other /Constitutive Other
Self model
- Self model - Wikipedia - “The PSM is an entity that “actually exists, not only as a distinct theoretical entity but something that will be empirically discovered in the future- for instance, as a specific stage of the global neural dynamics in the human brain”. Involved in the PSM are three phenomenal properties that must occur in order to explain the concept of the self. The first is mineness, “a higher order property of particular forms of phenomenal content,” or the idea of ownership.[3] The second is perspectivalness, which is “a global, structural property of phenomenal space as a whole”More simply, it is what is commonly referred to as the ecological self, the immovable center of perception. The third phenomenal property is selfhood, which is “the phenomenal target property” or the idea of the self over time. It is the property of phenomenal selfhood that plays the most important role in creating the fictional self and the first person perspective.”
- Self models - Scholarpedia - “The concept of a self-model plays the central role in a philosophical theory of consciousness, the phenomenal self and the first-person perspective.”
- Edge.org - “A self-model is the inner representation some information-processing systems have of themselves as a whole”
Distancing (psychology)
- Psychological Distance: 10 Fascinating Effects of a Simple Mind Hack - PsyBlog - “1. Make challenging tasks seem easier...2. Generate self-insight...3. Become more persuasive...4. Gain emotional self-control....5. Beware the illusion of explanatory depth!...6. Be true to yourself....7. Become more polite...8. Fire your creativity...9. Improve your self-control....10. Trigger wise thoughts...”
- Distancing - Intro to Psychology - YouTube
- Distancing (psychology) - Wikipedia - “Distancing is a concept arising from the work of developmental psychologists Heinz Werner and Bernard Kaplan. Distancing describes the process by which psychologists help a person establish their own individuality through understanding their separateness from everything around them. “
Personal identity
Open individualism
- Open individualism - Wikipedia - “Open individualism is the view in the philosophy of personal identity, according to which there exists only one numerically identical subject, which is everyone at all times.[1] It is a theoretical solution for the question of personal identity, being contrasted with empty individualism, the view that personal identities correspond to a fixed pattern that instantaneously disappears with the passage of time, and with closed individualism, the common view that personal identities are particular to subjects and yet survive time.”
- Open Individualism – Being Everyone « The Phantom Self
- You Am Us | The Transfigurist - “If you think that other people are you, you will not harm them, because you would be harming yourself. On the contrary, you will be kind and compassionate to them - to all other instances of you.”
Social identity complexity
Right to personal identity
Identity control theory
Crystallized self
- Crystallized self - Wikipedia - “The crystallized self is a theory that refers to the idea that individual selves are neither “real” nor “fake,” but rather “crystallized” with multiple facets.”
- Fracturing the real-self↔fake-self dichotomy: Moving toward "crystallized" organizational discourses and identities — Arizona State University - “Furthermore, the authors present the metaphor of the "crystallized self" as an alternative to the real-self↔fake-self dichotomy and suggest that communication scholars are well-poised to develop alternative vocabularies, theories, and understandings of identity within the popular imagination. “
- A Crystallized Self vs. A Big Strong Ego – Osho – Sat Sangha Salon
Wishful Identification
- Wishful Identification - Wikipedia - “...wishful identification is the extension of identification, which refers to people’s desire to become or to act in the same way as a certain media character. The majority of research about wishful identification has focused on its impacts on media users’ intimate relationship with, attachment to, identification with, imitation of or interaction with media figures. From this perspective, investigations on effects of wishful identification are helpful to understand how mediated messages can be effectively conveyed, how mediated behaviors and figures can be shaped to positively influence social attitudes and behaviors.”
- Wishful Identification Social learning theory emphasizes the - ENG - 101 - “ Actually, wishful identification is closer to the concept ofvicarious learning (Bandura, 1986) than is similarity identification.Wishful identification provides a glimpse of “what if,” and such aglimpse is a powerful predictor of future behavior, especially inadolescents
Interpellation (philosophy)
Ego state
Inner Parent
Child
adult
sattva
raja
tama
SOCIONICS
Quadrables
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Holland's Theory of Career Choice
- Holland’s Theory of Career Choice | Career Key - Learn how Holland's Theory helps you choose a career, career pathway or college major that best fits you. Make a confident career choice.
- Holland's Six Personality Types | Career Key - Respected leader in the field describes the Holland personality types accurately. A key to choosing a career, career pathway, college major, and training program.
- Holland’s theory
- Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice in Career Development - IResearchNet
- John Holland’s Theory Of Career Choice – Theories Every Careers Adviser Should Know | Running In A Forest - To kick off a new year I have decided to start writing a series on key careers advice theories, theories every careers adviser should know. First off I am going to look at the occupational psychologist John L. Holland. Holland for many Holland is the Grandfather of careers advice. His matching theory of vocational choice…
Investigative:
Artistic:
Social:
Enterprising:
Conventional:
16 Personality types
- PERSONALITY TYPES @ 16 personalities
- Personality Type Explained @ Human Metrics - "Extraverted (E) vs. Introverted (I), Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N), Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F). The three areas of preferences introduced by Jung are dichotomies (i.e. bipolar dimensions where each pole represents a different preference). Jung also proposed that in a person one of the four functions above is dominant – either a function of perception or a function of judging. Isabel Briggs Myers, a researcher and practitioner of Jung’s theory, proposed to see the judging-perceiving relationship as a fourth dichotomy influencing personality type [Briggs Myers, 1980]:Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)"
- INFJ (introversion, intuition, feeling, judging) is an initialism used in the publications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to refer to one of the sixteen personality types. The MBTI assessment was developed from the work of prominent psychiatrist Carl Jung in his book Psychological Types. Jung proposed a psychological typology based on the theories of cognitive functions that he developed through his clinical observations.From Jung's work, others developed psychological typologies. Jungian personality assessments include the MBTI instrument, developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, developed by David Keirsey. Keirsey referred to the INFJs as Counselors, one of the four types belonging to the temperament he called the Idealists.[1] INFJs are the rarest type, and make up only 1% or less[2] of the population" - Wikipedia
ENFJ:
ENFP:
INTJ
ENTJ
ENTP
INTP
ESFJ
ESFP
ISFJ
ISFP
ESTJ
ESTP
ISTJ
ISTP
16 personalities & Personality Disorders:Turbulent personality:
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Initiators (expressive and directive): Field Marshal (ENTJ), Supervisor (ESTJ), Promoter (ESTP), Teacher (ENFJ)—Preemptive
Contenders (attentive and directive): Mastermind (INTJ), Inspector (ISTJ), Crafter (ISTP), Counselor (INFJ)—Competitive
There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles:
Coworkers (expressive and informative): Inventor (ENTP), Provider (ESFJ), Performer (ESFP), Champion (ENFP)—Collaborative
Responders (attentive and informative): Architect (INTP), Protector (ISFJ), Composer (ISFP), Healer (INFP)—Accommodative
Guardians:
Administrators (E/ISTJs)
Supervisors (ESTJ)
Inspectors
Conservators (E/ISFJs)
Providers
Protectors
Rationals:
Coordinators (E/INTJs)
Fieldmarshals (ENTJ)
Masterminds Engineers
Inventors
Architects
Artisans:
Operators (E/ISTPs)
Promoters
Crafters
Entertainers (E/ISFPs)
Performers
Composers
Idealists
Mentors
Teachers
Counselors
Advocates
Champions
Healers
Contenders (attentive and directive): Mastermind (INTJ), Inspector (ISTJ), Crafter (ISTP), Counselor (INFJ)—Competitive
There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles:
Coworkers (expressive and informative): Inventor (ENTP), Provider (ESFJ), Performer (ESFP), Champion (ENFP)—Collaborative
Responders (attentive and informative): Architect (INTP), Protector (ISFJ), Composer (ISFP), Healer (INFP)—Accommodative
Guardians:
Administrators (E/ISTJs)
Supervisors (ESTJ)
Inspectors
Conservators (E/ISFJs)
Providers
Protectors
Rationals:
Coordinators (E/INTJs)
Fieldmarshals (ENTJ)
Masterminds Engineers
Inventors
Architects
Artisans:
Operators (E/ISTPs)
Promoters
Crafters
Entertainers (E/ISFPs)
Performers
Composers
Idealists
Mentors
Teachers
Counselors
Advocates
Champions
Healers
Temperament and Character Inventory
Novelty Seeking (NS)
Harm Avoidance (HA)
Reward Dependence (RD)
Persistence (PS)
and three so-called characters
Self-Directedness (SD)
Cooperativeness (CO)
Self-Transcendence (ST)
Harm Avoidance (HA)
Reward Dependence (RD)
Persistence (PS)
and three so-called characters
Self-Directedness (SD)
Cooperativeness (CO)
Self-Transcendence (ST)
Model of personality
extraversion and neuroticism = E & N
High N and high E = Choleric type
High N and low E = Melancholic type
Low N and high E = Sanguine type
Low N and low E = Phlegmatic type
Psychoticism
High N and high E = Choleric type
High N and low E = Melancholic type
Low N and high E = Sanguine type
Low N and low E = Phlegmatic type
Psychoticism
.Alternative five model of personality
Neuroticism–anxiety
Aggression–hostility vs. social desirability:
Impulsive sensation-seeking
Sociability
Activity
Aggression–hostility vs. social desirability:
Impulsive sensation-seeking
Sociability
Activity
Gray's biopsychological theory of personality/ Reinforcement sensitivity theory
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
Behavioral activation system (BAS)
Fight/flight system (FFS)
Eysenck Personality Inventory
Extraversion / Introversion
Stable / Neuroticism.
Psychoticism/Socialisation
Stable / Neuroticism.
Psychoticism/Socialisation
Biological basis of personality
Type A -type E
Type A
- 14 Signs You're A Type-A Personality uploaded by BuzzFeedVideo
- 16 Tips For Dating a Type A Personality @ Psych2Go.net
- What 'Type A' people want you to know @ CNN.com
- Characteristics of "Type A" Personality @ Mind Pub
- What is a type A personality? definition and meaning @ BusinessDictionary.com - “A temperament characterized by excessive ambition, aggression, competitiveness, drive, impatience, need for control, focus on quantity over quality and unrealistic sense of urgency. “
- The Type A personality, Definition, Behavior & Characteristics @ 2KnowMySelf - “In some cases, depression can be defined as the inability to find a way that allows you to release your frustration. I...Exaggerated Sense of time urgency...Competitiveness...Multitasking...The Price for Over Achievement...”
- The 25 Things That People With Type A Personalities Do @ Elite Daily
- 16 Signs You're A Little (Or A Lot) Type A @ Huffington Post
- Type A Personality @ Simply Psychology
- @Wikipedia - “ Type A individuals as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, sensitive, impatient, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management.”
Type B
- @Wikipedia - “They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve. “
- When You’re A Type B Personality (But Neurotic As Fuck) | Thought Catalog - “You walk that fine line between being petrified of bombing an important assignment while also being chill with everyone’s input. This is easy when everyone is contributing like they are supposed to. Not so easy when group members are sleeping on the job or the person who put themselves in charge is a f*cking moron.”
- @Urban Dictionary - “A person who is too lazy to write this so they're having a Type A personality write this for them. Pretty chill and relaxed and doesn't have a care in the world. Extremely lazy and just lets life happen as it does. Usually not so good in school since they don't care enough about it. Extremely jealous of Type A personalities but are too lazy to admit it.”
- @Psyche Study - “They work in a steady pace towards their goals. And when they achieve their goals, they take time to enjoy those achievements rather than just setting new boundaries for themselves.
- They are not completely devastated when they fail to meet their goals. Sure, they can be disappointed but they are much more accepting of failures than the Type A people.....Because they are more accepting to failure, they even allow themselves to experiment and fail, just for the sake of experience. They are innovative and love exploring ideas and concepts....They are reflective, often thinking about the inner and outer worlds.”
- Winning Over the Type B Personality by Marie-Josée Verhaaf @ LinkedIn - 1.Words with weight....2.The right person....3.Team work....4. Follow-up...5.Know when to move on....”
- Clojure is for type B personalities @ GitHub - “Type B people prefer a "bottom up" methodology, immediately implementing functionality and interactively building on previous work until a larger structure emerges organically. You see this in the Lisp community, where REPL-driven development is the norm. The notion of starting from the bottom is also reflected in the prose of a well-known Canadian rapper who claims to come from humble beginnings.”
- Careers for Type B Personalities @ Chron.com - “Social people tend to end up in careers helping people, according to psychologist John Holland, so many people with Type-B personalities end up working as school psychologists, mediators, nurses, physical therapists and social workers. “
- 17 Problems Every Type-B Person Will Understand @ Buzzfeed
- The Common Behavioral Traits of a Type B Personality @ Buzzle - “People belonging to type B personality are very much tolerant and flexible. They can comfortably adapt to situations and changes. They may even let go of their habits, routine much easily than their counterparts. They do not mind waiting in a line or waiting to get their work done. They do not suffer from anxiety or extreme temper in these cases.”
- What are the characteristics of a type B personality @ Speeli Summary
- How to Be a Type B Personality @ Our Everyday Life - “A Type B personality is associated with laid-back behavior, in contrast with a Type A personality, which is considered hyper-organized.”
- 10 Reasons Type B People Are Very Likely To Be Successful @ Life Hack
- @Alley Dog - “You probably know people who just seemed to be relaxed people who don't get angry often (they roll with the punches well)...these are the characteristics of a Type B.”
- 10 Reasons You Should Be Glad You're Type B | Huffington Post - “The implication being that type Bs lack drive, ambition and ability, which is not the case. The B type personality is laid-back, but it is also patient, creative, collaborative and even wise.”
Type C
- Type c personality @ 2KnowMySelf - “Type C people take life seriously and are usually hard workers to the extent that they sometimes become perfectionists who want everything to be perfectly done. That's why they might find it hard to work with others and so prefer to work on their own.”
- Personality Types of DISC: C Personality Type (Conscientious) - “The C Personality Type is one of the passive styles, which results in avoiding conflict. They will avoid conflict rather than argue, and it is difficult to get them to verbalize their feelings. They need clear cut boundaries in order to feel comfortable at work, in relationships, or to take action. “
- Get To Know Type C Personality @ experiencingmyselfsite - “They are deep, thoughtful and usually very sensitive. “
- Type C Personality - Definition, Traits and Test @ E Medical Hub - “ detail oriented, not assertive, suppress wants, needs and desires.”
- C Personality Type (DISC) @ Crystal Knows - “Communicating with a C:In person or on the phone:Speak with a steady, even tone.Explain details and reasoning for your decisions.Use facts, rather than stories to prove a point.Allow them to finish articulating their thoughts before interrupting.Before calling them on the phone, ask if they are available via email or text.”
- The Conscientious ("C") Personality Type @ Deirdresan Born- “Thoughtful.Logic-focused.Calm.Reserved.Accurate:
- Personality type Green / Emerald / Owl / Type C uploaded by Ken Pickard
- DISC C Personality Type @ Wittcom - “You lose energy by:Dealing with sudden or abrupt change...Being criticized by people who don’t understand the situation.”
- Deciphering the Common Traits of a Sensitive Type C Personality @ Buzzle - “Perfectionists...Consistent and Dependable...Thoughtful...Emotionally Repressed...Unassertive...Prone to Illness”
- @Alley Dog - “...personality type in which people are generally passive and altruistic and that include acceptance and self-sacrifice.”
- @Flow Psychology - “Type C stands for conscientious. This means that you are passive and task-oriented. More often then not, type C people are accurate, detail-oriented, and precise when they do things. “
Type D
- Type D Personality: Helping Hopeless Patients @ Ayogo - “Their low self efficacy may be due to a long history of failure, or a short traumatic history, and because of their personality type, they can be have a more traumatized response to bad experiences.”
- Type D Personality Traits @ Flow Psychology - “These individuals are quite often distressed and have very low self-esteem. People who have a type D personality do not share their feelings with others because they are in constant fear of disapproval or rejection. “
- DISC D Personality Type @ Wittcom - “You lose energy when you”Are closely supervised or micromanaged.Are questioned or overruled.Can’t affect the outcome.Have limited access to resources.Perform routine, predictable tasks.”
- Understanding the High D Personality « Indianapolis Small Business – IndySmallbiz.com - “My youngest son is a High D and when he is working on a project or even reading a book, he blocks out everything else and is extremely focused. It sometimes takes time to get his attention. Interacting with other people is one of the High D’s greatest challenges because they perceive other people as being too slow or not motivated enough to keep up with them.”
- @ Crystal Knows - “In person or on the phone:Project your voice and speak with a confident tone.Present ideas at a high level without going into detail.Use clear, direct sentences rather than long expressive ones.Don't get frustrated when they interrupt you.If you're calling them on the phone, first ask if they are available via email or text.”
- @Wikipedia - “Individuals with a Type D personality have the tendency to experience increased negative emotions across time and situations and tend not to share these emotions with others, because of fear of rejection or disapproval.”
Type E
- Type E Personality@Izzy Lenihan - “love living on the edge of life. They love extremes. They are built for speed, whether emotional or physical. “
- TypeE Critical Zone @ Type E Personality.org - “1. Boredom...2.Worry....3. The 2am Wake-up Call...4. Crisis Management”
- type e personality @ Fully Alive Wellness Centre - “What is a Type E Personality? This is someone that chronically does Everything for Everyone Else Except themselves. ...When you dont leave any energy or time for yourself, you will feel exhausted, depleted, and more vulnerable to getting sick.”
- Are You A TypeE? @ CeleryEllen - “They possess enormous amounts of passion and creativity. Their energy seems limitless and their pioneering spirit insatiable. They live to shape the world, to grow it, to make it a better place. They constantly live and love and play on the edge.”
- Type E Personality - Are You a Type E Personality? by Beth Ross - “A Type-E Personality needs to be continually challenged.... they have a larger radar scope, greater intuition and heightened states of creativity... A Type-E Personality needs time on his/her own. It is essential if they want to thrive not only personally, but also professionally...Once something is up and running, be it a job, business or sometimes a relationship, they usually lose interest. ”
- About TypeE Personality @ Type E Personality.org - “If you are an entrepreneur, entertainer, artist, scientist, CEO, highly creative, or if you consider yourself energetic, a risk taker or a self starter, chances are you have a TypeE personality.”
Six Personality Adaptations
Creative Daydreamer
Brilliant Skeptic
- Creative Daydreame Personality Adaptation - Issues of Personal Growth @ Psych Songs - "tend to be kind, polite, supportive people who are very respectful of the space of others....Their hope is that if they aren't too needy, they just might get their needs met and get taken care of... need others to deal with them by invading their withdrawn passivity. "
Brilliant Skeptic
- Brilliant Skeptic Personality Adaptation - Issues of Personal Growth @ Psych Songs - "...learn early in life, usually before the age of two, to be cautious and wary.... It helps tremendously if you recognize that their attacking or guarded behavior isn't really about you!"
- Charming Manipulator Personality Adaptation - Issues of Personal Growth @ Psych Songs "...learn early in life that they are entitled to support and love. However, their experience teaches them that caregivers are inconsistent and unreliable, and that feels to them like a dirty rotten trick is being played on them...They are very external stimulus seeking ...Since they haven't trusted that others will be there for them, they've can wasted incredible amounts of energy maneuvering..."
- Playful ReisisterPersonality Adaptation - Issues of Personal Growth @ Psych Songs - "learn early in life, usually by the time they are three years old, that everyone seems to want to control their every trait and behavior...mistake feelings for reality...need to learn that life is not all black and white, right and wrong..."
- Responsible Workaholic Personality Adaptation - Issues of Personal Growth @ Psych Songs - "Attention to feelings is remarkably limited....Lists of lists of activities and projects are typical for them as they attempt to organize their duties...need for others to initially address them through their thinking and then to help them to think more deeply by getting in touch with and identify their feelings. "
- Enthusiastic Over-Reactor Personality Adaptation - Issues of Personal Growth @Psych Songs - " But keeping others happy is a behavior that they can engage in without a great deal of thought...
Enneagram of Personality / Riso–Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator
- Tritype
Color Code Personality Profile
Sjöbring's theory of constitution
Blood type personality theory
Brain types
Personality Traits
Ambiversion
NATURAL LEADERS
- 7 Habits Of Natural Leaders
- 12 Signs You're A Natural Born Leader Even If You Don't Feel You Are
- Are You a Natural Leader? - AllHealthcare.com
- Natural Leaders | Children & Nature Network
- 7 Characteristics Of A Natural Born Leader | Ken Cameron-Weiser | LinkedIn
- 3 Signs You're Meant to Be a Leader | Inc.com
- 12 Characteristics of a Natural Leader - MCAD Sustainable Design Blog
Big 5
About/ Info
- List Of Personality Traits @ Live Bold and Bloom - "many modern researchers believe there are five core personality traits: Extraversion: Including characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness. Agreeableness: Attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors. A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Conscientiousness: High levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviors. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details, as well as act dutifully, aim for achievement, and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior. Neuroticism: Tendency to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness, as well as having a low tolerance for stress. Openness: Characteristics such as imagination and insight, and a broad range of interests, as well as intellectual curiosity, creativity and a preference for novelty and variety."
- Big Five Personality Test @ Personality- Testing
- "The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five factor model (FFM), is a widely examined theory of five broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche.[1][2] The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Acronyms to aid in remembering the five traits include OCEAN and CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, a number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed. For example, extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions" - @ Wikipedia
- The Big 5 Personality Traits - A Winning Personality
Openness to experience:
- What Does Openness to Experience Mean?
- Openness to Experience Personality Test - Influence & Personality Psychology - Psychologist World
- Openness to Experience and Creative Achievement - Scientific American Blog Network
- Openness to Experience and Intellectual Ability | Psychology Today
- How Open Are You? Free Personality Test of Openness to Experience
- Openness to Experience Test - Influence & Personality Psychology - Psychologist World
- Openness to experience - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neuroticism
- "Neuroticism is a fundamental personality trait in the study of psychology characterized by anxiety, fear, moodiness, worry, envy, frustration, jealousy, and loneliness. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than the average to experience such feelings as anxiety, anger, envy, guilt, and depressed mood. They respond more poorly to stressors, are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. They are often self-conscious and shy, and they may have trouble controlling urges and delaying gratification. Neuroticism is a prospective risk factor for most "common mental disorders", such as depression, phobia, panic disorder, other anxiety disorders, and substance use disorder—symptoms that traditionally have been called neuroses." - Wikipedia
- What Does it Mean to Be Neurotic?
- Are You Neurotic? Test - Influence & Personality Psychology - Psychologist World
- Neuroticism | Psychology Today
- Neuroticism - Test
- Does Neuroticism Breed Creativity? Study Says 'Yes' - Forbes
Introvert / Extrovert
Introvert:
- Are You an Introvert? | 11 Traits of Introverts
- "Psychology. a person characterized by concern primarily with his or her own thoughts and feelings" - Dictionary
- Are you an Introvert or Extrovert? @ Quiet Rev
- 6 Illustrations That Show What It’s Like in an Introvert’s Head @ Quiet Rev
- 23 Signs You're Secretly An Introvert @ Huffington Post
- 5 Signs You're an Outgoing Introvert @ Inc.com
- Caring for Your Introvert @ The Atlantic
- Introvert Quotes@ POPSUGAR Smart Living
- @Psychology Today
- Introverted Leaders in History @ 16Personalities
- How to maximize your natural creativity as an introvert @ Introvert,Dear
- Introvert,Dear
- 4 Tips For Men Who Are Natural Introverts @ Return of kings
- Artists: Are We Natural Introverts? @ Learning - to -see
- 10 Ways Introverts Interact Differently With The World @ Huffington Post
- 6 Myths About Introverts To Stop Believing @ Huffington Post
- 5 Ways to Nurture Your Strengths as an Introvert @ Quiet Rev
Conscientiousness:
Agreeableness:
- How Agreeable Are You? Free Personality Test
- Agreeableness
- The Big 5 Aspects of Personality
- Agreeableness - PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki
- How Agreeable Are You? - Influence & Personality Psychology - Psychologist World
- Agreeableness in Personality: Definition & Overview - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
- Agreeableness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
16 personality types
INFJ
- INFJ Personality (“The Advocate”) @ 16Personalities - “INFJs tend to see helping others as their purpose in life, but while people with this personality type can be found engaging rescue efforts and doing charity work, their real passion is to get to the heart of the issue so that people need not be rescued at all.”
- Portrait of an INFJ @ Personality Page - “INFJs are gentle, caring, complex and highly intuitive individuals. Artistic and creative, they live in a world of hidden meanings and possibilities. Only one percent of the population has an INFJ Personality Type, making it the most rare of all the types.”
- @ Wikipedia - “INFJs tend to be sensitive, quiet leaders with a great depth of personality. They are intricately, deeply woven, quilt-like, mysterious, highly complex, and often puzzling, even to themselves...Creativity.Insightfulness.Sensitivity and empathy.Goal-oriented determination.Perfectionism.Inclination towards privacy.Strong written or indirect communication
- 5 Insightful Dilemmas Of The Obscure INFJs @ Life Hacker - 1. They are the silent contributors.2. “Leaders are supposed to be outspoken and articulate. Sorry INFJs” – Non INFJs.3. They want to achieve the impossible: Creativity and Originality of INFJs. 4. They are serious for True Love, but too Serious for 21st Century Love.5. “Your standards are low. Bring it up.” – INFJ
- 5 Ways to Annoy An INFJ @ Psychology Junkie - Noise and Interruptions.Facades and Attention-Seeking Behavior.Small Talk.Condescension.Being Accused of Being too ‘Dreamy’
- INFJ @ TypeCoach - “Top ten: INFJs are the type MOST likely to . . .4. Be too hard on themselves; perfectionistic...6. Feel anxiety and worry about future “unknowns”...10. Take criticism to heart”
- INFJ: Least Likely to be Who You Think They Are @Stellar Maze - “Yes, many INFJs, whether they care to admit it or not, see themselves as special people. They know they are rare and they know they have very unique things to offer. The thing is they cannot often find a reason or a motivation for offering them. It is very frustrating to them and it often takes an extreme crisis of one sort or another to get them past this inertia to manifest. They are instinctively nice people and very much hate to have to hurt other people’s feelings.”
- INFJ Characteristics @ INFJ(dot) org - “Characteristics:private.sensitive.quiet leaders.great depth of personality - intricately and deeply woven, mysterious, and highly complex, sometimes puzzling even themselves.introverted.abstract in communicating.live in a world of hidden meanings and possibilities - part of an unusually rich inner life.abstract in communicating.artistic (and natural affinity for art), creative, and easily inspired.very independent.orderly view towards the world but within themself arranged in a chaotic, complex way only they could understand”
- INFJ Personality Type @ The Confidant - “INFJs direct their energy inward. They are energized by spending time alone and have a few close friends. They are independent and deliberate. INFJs are highly intuitive and are deep thinkers. Their thought process is complex and abstract. They are idealistic and future-focused. “
- 13 Signs You’re A Classic INFJ @ Thought Catalog
- 24 Struggles All INFJs can Understand @ Owlcation
- Unlock the Potential in an INFJ Relationship @ MBTI Personalities - Traditionally, this persona finds it difficult to initiate relationships which can result in very few serious relationships and long bouts of loneliness. If this sounds familiar, then you’ll know that this scenario is usually related to the difficulty you have sharing your inner self and your deep-seated need to put others’ happiness before your own. Once you snag the attention of a potential partner, your compassionate and easy-to-approach nature often helps to bring them in for closer scrutiny. One who passes the test, so to speak, will likely cause you to bend over backwards (of your own accord) to see them happy. Just remember that your own strong desire to please a partner shouldn’t outweigh your own desires and values.” Dating advice for INFJ
- Discover Your Strengths and Make the Most of Your INFJ Talents @ Truity - “INFJs often appear quiet, caring and sensitive, and may be found listening attentively to someone else’s ideas or concerns...Because Counselors initially appear so gentle and reserved, they may surprise others with their intensity when one of their values is threatened or called into question. Their calm exterior belies the complexity of their inner worlds.Because INFJs are such complex people, they may be reluctant to engage with others who might not understand or appreciate them, and can thus be hard to get to know.”
- INFJ Personality Type: Lover of Beauty & Wisdom @ Personality Junkies - “Like the INFP personality type, INFJs can struggle with depression. This may stem from feeling chronically unheard, useless, or misunderstood, as well as from dissatisfaction with the INFJ’s careers or the INFJ’s relationships. Because Ni perceives the world so differently and profoundly, INFJs often experience a sense of loneliness and isolation, even when they are with other people. Depression may also arise from feeling that their ideals and insights are not being recognized or actualized in the world. They may see the world as deaf to, or unconcerned with, the truths they espouse. INFJs may therefore question their value in a world that seems indifferent to their insights.”
- 10 Type Secrets of the INFJ Personality Type @ Introvert Dear - 1. INFJs feel profoundly misunderstood.2. INFJs absorb other people’s emotions.3. INFJs have amazing long-range forecasting abilities.4. Even though they are “Feelers,” INFJs can easily access their “Thinking” ability.5. One of their greatest strengths is their ability to create intimacy.6. INFJs are true introverts.7. INFJs are sensitive to conflict.8. INFJs know a lot about other people.9. Many relationships are one-sided for INFJs.10. INFJs are looking for their soul mates.
- The World's Rarest Personality: INFJ Type Decoded @ Introvert Spring - “INFJs feel it is their duty and purpose to help those in need. They are often involved with charities and NGOs. They are known for being warm altruists who genuinely care about the welfare of others.”
- INFJ Introverted iNtuitive Feeling Judging @ Human Metrics - “Due in part to the unique perspective produced by this alternation between detachment and involvement in the lives of the people around them, INFJs may well have the clearest insights of all the types into the motivations of others, for good and for evil. The most important contributing factor to this uncanny gift, however, are the empathic abilities often found in Fs, which seem to be especially heightened in the INFJ type (possibly by the dominance of the introverted N function).”
- INFJ in 5 Minutes uploaded by CelebrityTypes
- INFJ: the Seer of Souls (type description) uploaded by KnowThyself
- INFJs are Beautiful Chameleons uploaded by KnowThyself
- INFJ @ Quistic - “Relationships:Getting emotionally close to an INFJ will be difficult, take some time and indeed may never happen.The INFJ world is so driven by values, by a complex belief system, that it is difficult for outsiders to “get in” unless invited.Even then, trust will be a process, not an event. Once given, it will be seen as something precious and can thus be taken back as easily if the INFJ perceives someone as having transgressed a precious value...The problem is that INFJs are so complex, individualistic, and unforthcoming that the other person may not realize that some value or deeply held belief has been transgressed...He or she may be quite surprised how sharply INFJs can react and how outspoken, assertive, and stubborn they can suddenly and uncharacteristically become.”
- INFJ Personality Types In-Depth @ Team Technology - “Introversion (thinking things through) more than. Extraversion (interacting with people). iNtuition (perceiving new possibilities) more than. Sensing (perceiving tangible facts).Feeling (making decisions using subjective values) more than. Thinking (making decisions using objective logic). Judgement (an organised lifestyle) more than. Perception (a flexible lifestyle)”
- The Truth Behind the INFJ Paradox Explained @ Personality Growth- “An INFJ may cut off from someone that they love very deeply, this is something referred as the INFJ Door Slam. They remove someone from their lives that they love, simply because they care far too much. This appears as a contradiction to others, but makes complete sense to the INFJ. When someone is continuously harming the INFJ or themselves, this can sometimes be too much for the INFJ to bare. Of course the INFJ works very hard to help this person, pushing themselves beyond reason to make things right. When they come to the conclusion that nothing can be done, the INFJ may have to completely shut this person out of their lives. This is actually because the INFJ cares too deeply for this person and cannot handle the pain of the situation any longer. Caring so much that you have to shut someone out, is one of the most powerful paradoxes of the INFJ.INFJs feel emotions very intensely and although sometimes this can be hard, they both love and hate this about themselves. The INFJ may suffer from sadness and this is very painful for them, but they are also capable of seeing the beauty in it. “
- The Hard Truth About the INFJ Door Slam @ Personality Growth - “INFJs will often endure a lot before they are forced to “Door Slam” someone. This often happens because they care very much about people, often allowing them to push them too far. Eventually the INFJ realizes they can no longer deal with this sort of emotional abuse from someone that they love, so they must remove them from their lives. The INFJ often feels that if they do not remove this person completely, they will be too upset to actually let go of them. The INFJ doesn’t do this lightly, and the process often hurts them very much. They want to believe in people, but even the strongest individuals can only take so much pain.”
ESTP
- ESTP @ Quistic - “ESTPs are pragmatic, tough-minded, and will act on the facts and data, rather than emotion. If an ESTP does exactly what you tell him, it is only because he wanted to in the first place. ESTPs are spontaneous, active individuals.”
- @ Wikipedia - “ESTPs are hands-on learners who live in the moment, seeking the best in life, wanting to share it with their friends. “
- ESTP personality profile – Myers Briggs (MBTI) personality types @ OPP - “An ESTP will typically become stressed in the situations shown in this MBTI stress head illustration. In these circumstances you will tend to be withdrawn, distracted and paranoid, with feelings of chronic anxiety....An ESTP truly loves life and they immerse themselves in it, their partners see them as adventurous risk-takers as well as pragmatic troubleshooters, however they might be impatient with exploration of relationships.”
- ESTP Promotor @ Oddly Developed Types - “Kroeger has suggested that ESTPs can break off relationships with the least stress of all types. A small study found that ESTPs are slighly more likely than average to pair with INFJ Counselors. Keirsey did not recommend that ESTPs pair with INFPs or INTPs; he thought that INFPs were too serious and INTPs had qualities that simply could not be appreciated by ESTPs. Rather, he suggested that ISFJ Protectors would be a good match. Sensors are generally more satisfied with their marriages than Intuitives. When compared to other Sensors, it can be seen that ESTPs have average satisfaction with their marriage/intimate relationships. “
- ESTP in Depth — Discover Your Strengths and Make the Most of Your ESTP Talents @ Truity - “Popular hobbies for an ESTP include all sorts of sports and athletic pursuits, especially team sports and risky or adventurous activities like race car driving, boxing, or flying.”
- Portrait of an ESTP @ Personality Page - “ESTPs have an uncanny ability to perceive people's attitudes and motivations. They pick up on little cues which go completely unnoticed by most other types, such as facial expressions and stance. They're typically a couple of steps ahead of the person they're interacting with.”
- ESTP Personality @ Personality Central - “When everyone seems to agree on a particular issue,ESTPs may readily raise an alternative point of view. Because of this, ESTPs can appear to be contentious and challenging.”
- ESTP Characteristics @ Prelude Character Analysis - “The complex, the conceptual makes the ESTP restless, bored and then they will disconnect from the process and go look for something else, often without telling anyone. The ESTP has an attention span which is very short and their energies wane if they think they’re ‘treading water.’ Having to sit and read, or reflect would just not ‘compute’ with the ESTP and so they would move on, swiftly and often leaving debris in their wake.”
- ESTPs and their 8 cognitive functions @ Cognitive Processes - “Adept at picking up on minimal nonverbal cues. Anticipate the actions and reactions of others and thus win their confidence.Like the excitement and challenge of negotiating, selling, making deals, arbitrating, and in general, achieving the impossible.”
- ESTP Personality Type — The Persuader @ Personality Max - “ESTPs have an uncanny ability to read other people's nonverbal communication and to anticipate what others will say and do. They are very adept at winning others over. They are generous, likeable and humorous. ESTPs are drawn to people they can have fun with and talk to. They are good at getting people to do what they want. “
- The Keys to Having Long-Lasting ESTP Relationships @ MBTI Personalities - “This type of personality can certainly have a long-lasting relationship, but this isn’t typically something that ESTP is looking for. They like to take things day by day to see what new and exciting opportunities may arise. This can also mean that ESTP will keep his or her eyes open for an alternative companion if the current relationship does not meet their needs for excitement and action. As this personality is not particularly good at expressing emotions, they may not take the time to explain their feelings of unhappiness to a partner and instead may simply end the relationship if a better opportunity arises.”
- ESTP Personality (“The Entrepreneur”) @ 16Personalities - “ESTPs keep their conversation energetic, with a good dose of intelligence, but they like to talk about what is – or better yet, to just go out and do it. ESTPs leap before they look, fixing their mistakes as they go, rather than sitting idle, preparing contingencies and escape clauses.”
- ESTP Personality Profile @ Personality Junkie - “As we’ve seen, ESTPs’ public actions are driven by a need to be admired and respected. This stems, in large part, from their tertiary Fe, which combined with their Se concern for appearances, prompts them to take their social obligations quite seriously. .... In attempting to maintain a strong public image, they may be particular about punctuality, dressing appropriately, and behaving according to social expectations...Like other Perceivers, ESTPs can have a propensity for acting passively or passive-aggressively in their relationships. Because their Ti precedes their extraverted Fe in their functional stack, ESTPs are more apt to internalize (Ti) or act on (Se) their frustrations than openly talk about them (Fe). This can be frustrating for partners who would prefer to dialogue about their concerns rather than ESTPs taking matters into their own hands.”
- ESTP Extraverted Sensing Thinking Perceiving @ Human Metrics - “"If I was any better, I couldn't stand it!" To an ESTP, admission of weakness feels like failure. He admires strength in himself and in others."Shock effect" is a favored technique of this type to get the attention of his audience. ESTPs love to be at center stage, demonstrating feats of wonder and daring.”
- ESTP Personality Types In-Depth @ Team Technology - “Extraversion (interacting with people) more than Introversion (thinking things through).Sensing (perceiving tangible facts) more than iNtuition (perceiving new possibilities).Thinking (making decisions using objective logic) more than Feeling (making decisions using subjective values).Perception (a flexible lifestyle) more than Judgement (an organised lifestyle)”
Body memory
- @Wikipedia - “Body memory is a hypothesis that the body itself is capable of storing memories, as opposed to only the brain. The idea could be pseudoscientific as there are no known means by which tissues other than the brain are capable of storing memories...These memories are often characterised with phantom pain in a part or parts of the body – the body appearing to remember the past trauma.”
- How To Cope With Body Memories In PTSD Recovery | Trauma! A PTSD Blog @ HealthyPlace - Allow myself to feel the feeling.Pay special attention to self-care.Talk to someone about it.Tell myself the truth
- What is a Body Memory? @ Blooming Lotus - “In order to heal from a body memory, you must do the opposite of what you want to do – You need to let your body release the memory. Just like with visual flashbacks, you will only be haunted by them while you fight them. After you release them, your body no longer feels the need to experience them.Releasing a body memory is not fun. You must surrender to the awful feelings and allow your body to feel really badly for a little while. However, if you talk yourself through them, then they will no longer plague you. Tell yourself that you already survived the abuse, so you can survive the memory. Be loving to your body and tell it that you are sorry that it endured so much abuse.”
- Body Memories – The Body Remembering @ Discussing Dissociation - “The body feels the trauma in much the same as in the original incident and the various physical attitudes occur as if the trauma was happening all over again. The physical pain, shaking, trembling, jerking, physical reactions, intensity, and various body responses happen in a similar fashion as in the original trauma.”
- 7 layers of body's memory @ PsychanalySecorporelle
- Childhood Trauma and ‘Body Memories’. @ Child Abuse, Trauma and Recovery
- A creativity perspective on body memories by K. Ferlic - “Flushing out memories tends to occur when the sexuality turns into a spontaneous and innocent childlike play of discovery and exploration, especially when follows specific feelings in the body. However it is not something that can be controlled by mind. That is, one cannot enter sexuality with the expectation of creating this cleansing effect. Rather, it is about being is such a safe and secure space and the freedom to just be true to oneself such that our creative spirit is totally free to flow however and wherever it needs to flow. It is then the most powerful transformations occur in sexuality or through sexuality. It is as thought an entire new life is created within the individual.”
- A creativity perspective on body memories by K. Ferlic - “Hence life supporting or non life supporting patterns are encoded early in life. As an adult, to experience spontaneous and innocent childlike play allows the tissues being repaired to be recast in life supporting ways and help one to maintain health. It needs to be remembered that unhealthy patterns first form at the energetic level and a scattering and fragmentation of our energy. “
Cellular memories
- @ Skepdic - “Cellular memory is the speculative notion that human body cells contain clues to our personalities, tastes, and histories, independently of either genetic codes or brain cells. “
- @Wikipedia - “Cellular memory is an additional hypothesis that memories can be stored outside the brain. However, unlike body memory, the cellular memory hypothesis states that these memories are stored in all the cells of human bodies, not in the bodies’ organs.”
- @Wise Geek - “The idea behind cellular memory is that cells can store memories about experiences, sensations, taste, habits, and other core aspects of someone's identity. Promoters of the theory believe that these memories are stored through the exchange of chemicals between cells, just as they are stored in the brain. Theorists believe that cells may also be able to store information related to traumatic experiences.”
- BBC Drama Doc "Cellular Memory" uploaded by benhschaffer
- Abraham Hicks: Health-The cellular memory concept Workshop uploaded by Abraham-Hicks Sessions
- Cellular Memories @ Desert Alchemy - “Have you ever had someone touch part of your body, only to experience an uncomfortable emotional response that was not congruent with the present? Or perhaps you might have desired to release cellular trauma that you suspected was there, but you couldn’t figure out how to start the process? In either case, it is only when the time is just right, when you have everything you need to support the process, that it happens. When the healer within you determines a perfect time, cellular memories, or unprocessed events, can arise for you to make sense of and resolve or heal.”
- About CMR @ The Cellular Memory - “Even with a "strict", "proper", or "ideal" diet, nutrients can no longer be assimilated efficiently into the body. This is an interesting fact since so much emphasis has been placed on the importance of diet and exercise as the keys to eliminating and preventing toxicity in the body.”
- About CMR @ The Cellular Memory - “The brain contains about 60 different neuropeptides, including endorphins. These neuropeptides are the means by which all cells in the body communicate with each other. This includes brain-to-brain messages, brain-to-body messages, body-to-body messages, and body-to-brain messages. Individual cells, including brain cells, immune cells, and other body cells, have receptor sites that receive neuropeptides. The kinds of neuropeptides available to cells are constantly changing, reflecting variations in your emotions throughout the day. “
- The Cellular memory (dot) org
- About CMR - The pain body @ The Cellular Memory
dark night of the soul
According to Google, Psychophysics is "the branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena." Now, when people claim people who have BDP, anxiety, etc are just being paranoid because they picked up on the change of tone in your voice, you can now see that changes in tone of voice really do affect people.
Detection theory / signal detection theory
- "Psychophysics @ Britannica.com - Physical science permits, at least for some of the senses, accurate measurement on a physical scale of the magnitude of a stimulus. By determining the stimulus magnitude that is just sufficient to produce a sensation (or a response), it is possible to specify the minimum perceptible stimulus, or the absolute stimulus threshold (stimulus limen), for the various senses. The central inquiry of psychophysics pertains to the search for a lawful, quantitative relation between stimulus and sensation for the range of stimuli between these limits."
- Psychophysics - CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOPHYSICS - Absolute Threshold, Just Noticeable Difference, and Stimuli - JRank Articles - "Research has indicated that for stimuli of low intensity, we can detect a difference that is small, as the intensity increases, we need a larger difference. Sometimes psychophysicists use reaction time as a measure of how different two stimuli are from one another. When two stimuli are very similar, it takes a longer time to decide if they are different, whereas large differences lead to fast reaction times."
- Perception Lecture Notes: Psychophysics - "Behavioral Experiments: We need, in addition, to perform behavioral experiments. The goal is to interpret the brain activity in terms of perception and perceptually guided behavior. For example, what's the relationship between auditory nerve firing rates and perceived loudness or perceived pitch? What's the relationship between photoreceptor response and perceived brightness or perceived color?"
- Psychophysics: Definition & Fundamentals @ Study.com - "Have you ever wondered what happens when you eat a juicy watermelon? How does the grainy texture of that pink fruit get translated into the sensation of sweet, watery and delicious in your brain? Scientists who study psychophysics are interested in the processes that occur to produce your response to the watermelon. Therefore, psychophysics quantitatively investigates how much of a stimuli we can detect and how we detect differences between stimuli in the environment with our sensory systems, including vision, auditory, taste, smell, and pain."
- Psychophysics @ Explorable - "The two types of threshold – absolute and discrimination – are considered as two different areas of investigation in psychophysics. Absolute threshold or detection threshold is an intensity level of the stimulus wherein a person can detect the presence of the stimulus in relation to some proportion of time (p). On the other hand, discrimination or difference threshold is the intensity of the smallest difference between stimuli that possess different intensities as detected by the participant at some proportion of time (p)"
- @Wikipedia - "Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation"[1] or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically varying the properties of a stimulus along one or more physical dimensions""
- Physical stimuli and emotional stress-induced sweat secretions in the human palm and forehead @ Science Direct - "When sweating is induced by emotional or physical stimuli, the observation of the behavior of active sweat glands and measurement of the sweat rate are useful for the estimation of the degree of emotional stress on humans. When a loud sound was produced behind the subject's head, a periodical damped oscillation of sweating was observed. This sweat secretion may correlate with how a human being absorbs a big surprise stimulus. The differences of the time lag for starting to secrete sweat from sweat glands may correlate with the performance of the nervous system and/or the difference of body condition with and without stress. An intake of caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, and it rises basic, mental and thermal perspiration"
- The Difference Threshold (JND) | in Chapter 04: Senses | from Psychology: An Introduction by Russ Dewey - "Another type of threshold is the difference threshold. The difference threshold is the smallest change in a stimulus which a person can detect 50% of the time. The difference threshold is determined by changing the stimulus varying amounts to see whether a subject can perceive any difference in the stimulus. The smallest change a person can detect 50% of the time is called a difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (JND)."
- Sensation: Thresholds and Psychophysics @ Psychopedia - "A stimulus' minimum change that can be detected.The amount of stimuli needed to notice a difference."
- Sensory Difference Thresholds @ boundless - "The minimum amount of change in sensory stimulation needed to recognize that a change has occurred is known as the just-noticeable difference."
- @ Wikipedia - "In the branch of experimental psychology focused on sense, sensation, and perception, which is called psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference or JND is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time. This limen is also known as the difference limen, differential threshold, or least perceptible difference"
- @ Wikipedia - "In neuroscience and psychophysics, an absolute threshold was originally defined as the lowest level of a stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. – that an organism could detect. Under the influence of signal detection theory, absolute threshold has been redefined as the level at which a stimulus will be detected a specified percentage (often 50%) of the time. The absolute threshold can be influenced by several different factors, such as the subject's motivations and expectations, cognitive processes, and whether the subject is adapted to the stimulus. The absolute threshold can be compared to the difference threshold, which is the measure of how different two stimuli must be for the subject to notice that they are not the same"
- Examples of absolute Thresholds @ Psychology JRank - Sense: Example of threshold. Vision: The amount of light present if someone held up a single candle 30 mi (48 km) away from us, if our eyes were used to the dark. If a person in front of you held up a candle and began backing up at the rate of one foot (30 cm) per second, that person would have to back up for 44 hours before the flame became invisible. Hearing: The ticking of a watch in a quiet environment at 20 ft (6 m). Taste: One drop on quinine sulfate (a bitter substance) in 250 gal (946 l) of water. Quinine is one of the components of tonic water. Smell: One drop of perfume in a six-room house. This value will change depending on the type of sub-stance we are smelling. Touch: The force exerted by dropping the wing of a bee onto your cheek from a distance of one centimeter (0.5 in). This value will vary considerably depending on the part of the body involved."
- Absolute Threshold @ Psychlopedia - The lowest level of stimulation that any one person can detect. A person's ability to sense a stimulus at it lowest intensity."
- Absolute Threshold definition @ alleydog.com - "One formal definition is that absolute threshold is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that has to be present for the stimulus to be detected.
- @ Very Well - "While the absolute threshold is often thought of purely in terms of sensation and perception, a number of factors can play a role including expectations, motivations, and thoughts. For example, if you are expecting to hear a noise, you might be more likely to detect it at lower levels than you would if you do not expect to hear the noise."
- Weber's law | psychology @ Britannica.com - "historically important psychological law quantifying the perception of change in a given stimulus. The law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus. It has been shown not to hold for extremes of stimulation....The law was originally postulated to describe researches on weight lifting by the German physiologist Ernst Heinrich Weber in 1834 and was later applied to the measurement of sensation by Weber’s student Gustav Theodor Fechner, who went on to develop from the law the science of psychophysics. By stating a relationship between the spiritual and physical worlds, the law indicated to Fechner that there is really only one world, the spiritual. To others, the law meant the possibility of a scientific, quantitative psychology. The combined work of Weber and Fechner has been useful, especially in hearing and vision research, and has had an impact on attitude scaling and other testing and theoretical developments."
- Weber - Fechner Law @ CLM.McGill - "The Weber-Fechner law states that the amount of change needed for sensory detection to occur increases with the initial intensity of stimulus, and is proportional to it. The change in stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus."
- Weber–Fechner Law Medical Definition @ Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary - "German anatomist and physiologist. Weber undertook studies of the sense of touch that are important to both psychology and sensory physiology. He introduced the concept of the just noticeable difference between two similar stimuli."
Detection theory / signal detection theory
- Signal Detection Theory @ Stanford
- @Khan Academy
- Signal Detection Theory @ CNS
- Signal Detection Theory @ Psychlopedia- "It explains how we detect "signals," consisting of stimulation affecting our eyes, ears, nose, skin, and other sense organs. Signal Detection Theory says that sensation is a judgment the sensory system makes about incoming stimulation. Often, it occurs outside of consciousness. In contrast to older theories from psychophysics, Signal detection theory takes observer characteristics into account."
- Signal Detection Theory @ MHHE - " If a stimulus is presented and the subject says yes, the trial is a "hit." If no stimulus is presented but the subject still says yes, it is a "false alarm" and might indicate that the subject is motivated to guess. If a stimulus is presented and the subject says no, it is a "miss" and gives information on the subject's ability to detect the stimulus. Finally, if no stimulus is presented and the subject says no, it is a correct rejection. From these data, it is possible to plot a subject's responses when the intensity of the stimulus is varied. The resulting curve is called the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and provides additional information on the detection of sensory thresholds. By including the subject's psychological characteristics as well as the subjective reporting of sensation, signal detection theory has helped psychologists learn more about how sensation and perception operate"
- Signal Detection Theory: Introduction @ Han Over - "A person is faced with a stimulus that is very faint or confusing. For simplicity's sake lets us call this stimulus a signal. The person must make a decision, is the signal there or not. What makes this situation confusing and difficult is the presences of other mess that is similar to the signal. Let us call this mess noise. "
- Signal Detection Theory definition @ alleydog.com - "Signal Detection Theory holds that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual." And that's really all it is....Your ability or likelihood to detect some stimulus is affected by the intensity of the stimulus (e.g., how loud a noise is) and your physical and psychological state (e.g., how alert you are). "
- @ Wikipedia - "According to the theory, there are a number of determiners of how a detecting system will detect a signal, and where its threshold levels will be. The theory can explain how changing the threshold will affect the ability to discern, often exposing how adapted the system is to the task, purpose or goal at which it is aimed. When the detecting system is a human being, experience, expectations, physiological state (e.g., fatigue) and other factors can affect the threshold applied. For instance, a sentry in wartime might be likely to detect fainter stimuli than the same sentry in peacetime due to a lower criterion, however they might also be more likely to treat innocuous stimuli as a threat."
- @ Wikipedia - "Stevens' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and its perceived intensity or strength. It is often considered to supersede the Weber–Fechner law on the basis that it describes a wider range of sensations, although critics argue that the validity of the law is contingent on the virtue of approaches to the measurement of perceived intensity that are employed in relevant experiments. In addition, a distinction has been made between (i) local psychophysics, where stimuli are discriminated only with a certain probability, and (ii) global psychophysics, where the stimuli would be discriminated correctly with near certainty (Luce & Krumhansl, 1988). The Weber–Fechner law and methods described by L.L. Thurstone are generally applied in local psychophysics, whereas Stevens' methods are usually applied in global psychophysics."
- Psychophysical Functions | in Chapter 04: Senses | from Psychology: An Introduction by Russ Dewey - "Weber's Law states that the JND increases in direct proportion to the intensity of a stimulus. But often this is not true when stimuli approach extreme values. In 1860 Gustav Fechner proposed a new law to account for such curves. Fechner's Law specified that psychophysical functions relating perceived magnitude of a stimulus to physical intensity would follow a logarithmic relationship. A logarithmic relationship produces a curve that drops as the magnitude of a stimulus approaches extreme values. (The curve in the following figure labeled "brightness" shows such a relationship.)"
- Steven's Power Law @ Isle.Hanover - "Sometimes as a stimulus gets stronger, we become increasingly less sensitive to the stimulus changes. Think of the results from the Dot Brightness or Tone Loudness magnitude estimation experiments. Sometimes as the stimulus intensity increases, our sensitivity keeps roughly constant. Think of the judging line lengths magnitude estimation results. Sometimes as the stimulus intensity increases, our sensitivity increases as well. Think of painful stimuli. Oddly, I did not develop such an experiment."
- Steven's Power Law definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com - "The magnitude of the sensation increases in a predictable and proportional manner to the strength of the stimulus. This can be measured using a variety of stimuli including light brightness, auditory volume, vibration, temperature, taste, and smell. Steven's Power Law essentially states that as a stimulus increases in magnitude (a room growing increasingly warmer) it will increase the sensation of the stimulus proportionally..."
- The method of constant stimuli is efficient @ SpringerLink - "Monte Carlo simulations show that data collected using the method of constant stimuli yield threshold estimates with the same variability as and less bias than estimates based on data collected using an adaptive trial placement rule. In both cases, the simulation data were analyzed using maximum likelihood; for 100 trials or less, the method of constant stimuli is the better trial placement rule."
- Method of constant stimuli @ Psychology Wiki - "The method of constant stimuli(also known as the method of right and wrong cases or frequency method) was one of three psychophysical methods for studying sensory absolute and differential thresholds developed by Gustav Fechner. See method of limits and method of adjustment for the other methods.""
- Methods @ Psykinematix - "The method of constant stimuli collects performance for a given task at various levels of a stimulus property. The pre-selected stimulus levels are presented in random order, thus preventing the subject from being able to predict the level of the next trial, therefore reducing errors of habituation and expectation. The subject typically reports whether he or she can detect the stimulus. Note that it is possible to collect multiple responses for a given trial by embedding several sequential procedures in the same method of constant stimuli (for example to perform detection and discrimination tasks in the same session)."
- Physical Stimulus and its Role with Emotions {CP} - OpenStax CNX - "This all just really means that the physical is much more "real" than emotions are. You could say that emotions are feelings by themselves, but whenever you experience an emotion, you are also experiencing physical sensations. The physical is always there and it is strong because it is real, it is who you are. It is like a baseline for your emotions, it is a reminder that you are alive. If there was no physical world, you couldn't experience emotions because emotions are in root all physical, since everything comes from sensory stimulation initially. Thinking of it that way, all emotions are physical themselves since they remind you of seeing and touching physical things, which brings up a sense of your physical presence in that environment. Also, if the emotion isn't physical, then how is it in any way real? How can someone feel something other than physically? Can you say, "I felt that intellectually?" How much sense does that make?"
just noticeable difference
reaction time
Scaling (psychophysics)
Includes:Psychophysics/Psychoacoustics
Frequency following response (FFR)
Bouba/kiki effect
Ultrasound
hypersonic effect
title 1
Auditory plasticity
Perception & Emotions
Fundamental Link Between Emotions And Sound Perception Identified In New Study @ Medical Daily - ""Emotions are closely linked to perception and very often our emotional response really helps us deal with reality," senior study author Dr. Maria N. Geffen, an assistant professor of head and neck surgery, told reporters. "For example, a fear response helps you escape potentially dangerous situations and react quickly. But there are also situations where things can go wrong in the way the fear response develops. That's what happens in anxiety and also in PTSD — the emotional response to the events is generalized to the point where the fear response starts getting developed to a very broad range of stimuli.""
How music and frequencies affect our body and brain @ Mind Power MP3 - "Music can effect hormones and can even trigger a release of endorphins - feel good chemicals. Beyond the biology and the actual responses of your body, there is scientific evidence it can affect your mind."
The Power of Sound Frequencies To Change Your Brain Waves & Create Positive Results @ Waking Times - "Studies have demonstrated that when people listen to sounds that are in the theta range (4.0- 7.0 Hz), they enter deep meditative states and tend to have greater visualizations, inspiration and reprogramming abilities than when they are in the ordinary waking state of beta. While meditative states, such as theta, are enormously valuable, the higher frequency states, such as beta/gamma, also provide their own benefits. If you want to enhance your mind abilities while you are working on your computer or doing analytical work that requires high-alert states, you can benefit from listening to beta/gamma frequencies. These higher frequency sound waves are associated with bursts of insights, high-level information processing and certain cognitive activities, such as analysis and math."
Sound frequency affects speech emotion perception: results from congenital amusia @NCBI - "Congenital amusics, or “tone-deaf” individuals, show difficulty in perceiving and producing small pitch differences. While amusia has marked effects on music perception, its impact on speech perception is less clear. Here we test the hypothesis that individual differences in pitch perception affect judgment of emotion in speech, by applying low-pass filters to spoken statements of emotional speech. A norming study was first conducted on Mechanical Turk to ensure that the intended emotions from the Macquarie Battery for Evaluation of Prosody were reliably identifiable by US English speakers. The most reliably identified emotional speech samples were used in Experiment 1, in which subjects performed a psychophysical pitch discrimination task, and an emotion identification task under low-pass and unfiltered speech conditions. Results showed a significant correlation between pitch-discrimination threshold and emotion identification accuracy for low-pass filtered speech, with amusics (defined here as those with a pitch discrimination threshold >16 Hz) performing worse than controls. This relationship with pitch discrimination was not seen in unfiltered speech conditions. Given the dissociation between low-pass filtered and unfiltered speech conditions, we inferred that amusics may be compensating for poorer pitch perception by using speech cues that are filtered out in this manipulation. To assess this potential compensation, Experiment 2 was conducted using high-pass filtered speech samples intended to isolate non-pitch cues. No significant correlation was found between pitch discrimination and emotion identification accuracy for high-pass filtered speech. Results from these experiments suggest an influence of low frequency information in identifying emotional content of speech."
How music and frequencies affect our body and brain @ Mind Power MP3 - "Music can effect hormones and can even trigger a release of endorphins - feel good chemicals. Beyond the biology and the actual responses of your body, there is scientific evidence it can affect your mind."
The Power of Sound Frequencies To Change Your Brain Waves & Create Positive Results @ Waking Times - "Studies have demonstrated that when people listen to sounds that are in the theta range (4.0- 7.0 Hz), they enter deep meditative states and tend to have greater visualizations, inspiration and reprogramming abilities than when they are in the ordinary waking state of beta. While meditative states, such as theta, are enormously valuable, the higher frequency states, such as beta/gamma, also provide their own benefits. If you want to enhance your mind abilities while you are working on your computer or doing analytical work that requires high-alert states, you can benefit from listening to beta/gamma frequencies. These higher frequency sound waves are associated with bursts of insights, high-level information processing and certain cognitive activities, such as analysis and math."
Sound frequency affects speech emotion perception: results from congenital amusia @NCBI - "Congenital amusics, or “tone-deaf” individuals, show difficulty in perceiving and producing small pitch differences. While amusia has marked effects on music perception, its impact on speech perception is less clear. Here we test the hypothesis that individual differences in pitch perception affect judgment of emotion in speech, by applying low-pass filters to spoken statements of emotional speech. A norming study was first conducted on Mechanical Turk to ensure that the intended emotions from the Macquarie Battery for Evaluation of Prosody were reliably identifiable by US English speakers. The most reliably identified emotional speech samples were used in Experiment 1, in which subjects performed a psychophysical pitch discrimination task, and an emotion identification task under low-pass and unfiltered speech conditions. Results showed a significant correlation between pitch-discrimination threshold and emotion identification accuracy for low-pass filtered speech, with amusics (defined here as those with a pitch discrimination threshold >16 Hz) performing worse than controls. This relationship with pitch discrimination was not seen in unfiltered speech conditions. Given the dissociation between low-pass filtered and unfiltered speech conditions, we inferred that amusics may be compensating for poorer pitch perception by using speech cues that are filtered out in this manipulation. To assess this potential compensation, Experiment 2 was conducted using high-pass filtered speech samples intended to isolate non-pitch cues. No significant correlation was found between pitch discrimination and emotion identification accuracy for high-pass filtered speech. Results from these experiments suggest an influence of low frequency information in identifying emotional content of speech."
People with ear problems have a harder time with emotions
- People with Tinnitus May Process Emotions Differently @ Live Science - “People with persistent ringing in their ears — a condition called tinnitus — may process emotions in the brain differently from people who do not have the condition, according to a new study.”
- How Tinnitus Affects Emotions @ Desert Valley Audiology - “From this study, Husain’s team found that subjects with tinnitus responded more slowly to each sound, compared to subjects with normal hearing. Husain and team found that activity in the amygdala (the part of the brain that processes emotions) was lower in people with tinnitus and hearing loss.”
- Tinnitus Might Make You Process Emotions Differently; The Effect Of Constant Ringing In Your Ears - “Our results suggest that the emotional processing network is altered in tinnitus to rely on the parahippocampus and insula, rather than the amygdala, and this alteration may maintain a select advantage for the rapid processing of affective stimuli despite the hearing loss,” the authors of the study wrote. ‘The complex interaction of tinnitus and the limbic system should be accounted for in development of new tinnitus management strategies.’”
- New study shows severity of tinnitus (ringing in the ears) is related to emotional processing @ Healthy Hearing - “The results of the fMRIs showed those with tinnitus had greater engagement in different areas of the brain when exposed to emotion-triggering sounds than those without tinnitus. As a result, the researchers took the next step: comparing the brain activity of patients with tinnitus to each other, the only difference between subjects being varying degrees of severity of tinnitus. The reason for the comparison was that some patients adjust well to the ringing in their ears, while others do not. What this means is that the severity of the condition can vary greatly from person to person, because “severity” is based on the level of tinnitus distress that the individual reports.Since tinnitus can manifest itself in many different ways, each patient’s experience is unique. While some aren’t bothered by their tinnitus, others experience a reduced quality of life negative consequences include depression, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, mood swings and irritability.”
- Study: People with tinnitus process emotions differently @ We Are All Ears
- - “Overall, the participants with tinnitus exhibited slower emotional reactions and their scans demonstrated less activity in the amygdala, which is the part of the brain most commonly associated with emotions. However, those with tinnitus also showed more activity in both the parahippocampus and, two other areas of the brain often associated with emotions.To explain these results, researchers suggest that tinnitus patients’ brains have adjusted to process both regular and phantom sounds, redistributing them around different cerebral areas, like a form of unconscious multi-tasking.”
- Severe hearing loss hinders recognition of emotions of others - hear-it.org - “Hearing impaired youngsters generally have trouble judging the expected emotional response of others to a certain event. The study found their ability in this respect to be 30 percent below that of normal hearing youngsters. Another test indicated a 25 percent deficiency among the hearing impaired children in rapid and accurate interpretation of the meaning of somebody else's facial expressions. “
- Hearing And Emotions - People With Tinnitus Process Emotions Differently @ Science 20
Pitch of voice affects emotions / brain & body
- Study Says Angry Tones Influence How Baby Brains Process Emotion @ Redorbit - "“Even during sleep, infants showed distinct patterns of brain activity depending on the emotional tone of voice we presented,” says Graham."
- Your Tone of Voice Affects How You Feel @ Mental Floss - "Using digital audio processing, they shifted the pitch of participants’ voices as they read a short story aloud to make them sound happier, sadder, or more fearful. The participants could not perceive the change when they heard their voices played back to them through headphones—and yet their emotions changed when their voices did."
- Feedback Loop: Your Voice Influences Your Emotions Even When You Are Unaware Of Its Sound @ Medically Daily -"Using a unique digital audio platform, participants read a short story aloud while hearing an altered version of their voice, either sounding happier, sadder, or more fearful, through a headset. To manipulate participants’ voices, digital audio processing algorithms simulated acoustic components of vocalizations. The happy manipulation, for example, altered the pitch to make the voice sound more positive, changed the dynamic range to make the voice sound more confident, and filtered the spectral content to make the voice sound more excited."
- Changing The Tone Of Your Voice May Boost Your Mood, And Here's How "The researchers found that when people listened to their altered voice, it changed their mood. They took on whatever emotion their voice was expressing — whether happiness, sadness or fear."
- The Way Your Voice Sounds Can Affect Your Mood @ Reliawire - "For example, the happy manipulation modifies the pitch of a speaker’s voice using pitch shifting and inflection to make it sound more positive, modifies its dynamic range using compression to make it sound more confident, and modifies its spectral content using high pass filtering to make it sound more excited."
- Why men don't listen to women. Male and female voices affect brain differently @ Pinsasrestaurant - "Men have to work harder deciphering what women are saying because they use the auditory part of the brain that processes music, not human voices. Men's brains are not designed to listen to women's voices. It's not the pitch of the woman's voice, but rather the vibration and number of sound waves that cause the problem."
- Brain correlates of vocal emotional processing in men and women by Elizabeth Simpson @ Academia.edu
- Male and female voices affect brain differently @ The University of Sheffield "When a man hears a female voice the auditory section of his brain is activated, which analyses the different sounds in order to 'read' the voice and determine the auditory face."
- Communication with Kids: Does Tone of Voice Matter? @Notes on Parenting - "A recent study of vocal emotion and memory may shed a little light on this topic. Although this topic did not specifically consider emotion in parents’ communication, I think the implications of this study could be applied to parenting situations. During the study, participants listened to words spoken in either a neutral or sad tone of voice. Later the participants were asked to recall the words from memory. Interestingly, results of the study showed that people tended to remember words spoken in a neutral tone better than those spoken in a sad tone. Additionally, participants remembered words spoken in a sad tone more negatively than the other words."
hearing emotions
- Emotional Tone of Your Own Voice Affects Your Mood @ Psych Central News
- Brain Detects Emotions Faster From Human Sounds Than Words Or Tone Of Voice | Sam Owen's Relationship Coach Blog -"It takes the brain just one-tenth of a second to begin detecting human emotions from a vocal sound, faster than detecting it from their tone of voice, regardless of whether it was a positive or negative emotion being conveyed.Both angry sounds and angry words produced a longer effect on the brain as measured by its lengthened brain activity."
- Improving Your Inflection on the Phone @ For Dummies - "If you've ever read a story to a child, you know that the words of the story are far less interesting than the inflection you put into your voice. In fact, if you get lazy and don't make a ruff, grumbling sound when you say, "I'll huff, and I'll puff, and I'll blow your house down!" your child will more than likely stop you and say, 'Read it like you mean it.'"
- Hearing a Smile in Tone of Voice : NPR Interview with Amy Drahota - "When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you. But what if they can't see you? What if they can just hear you? A new study out of the University of Portsmouth in the U.K. says that a smile is, in fact, something that you can hear, and that a good set of ears can pick up on different kinds of smiles.Joining us now from her office is the author of that study, Amy Drahota...."
- The Emotionality of Hearing @ Audicus - “Scientists have recently discovered why sounds trigger such strong emotional responses. A study using rats suggests that the part of your brain responsible for processing your sense is the same part used to store strong emotional memories. These findings are still relatively new, but do suggest that these sensory brain regions may be instrumental in some fear and anxiety disorders. Dysfunction in these brain regions could make it difficult for a person to delineate between sights, sounds, and other stimuli that should and should not cause fear. This could potentially lead to a state of generalized fear and anxiety.”
- Human sounds convey emotions better than words do @ McGill University - “They asked participants to identify which emotions the speakers were trying to convey and used an EEG to record how quickly and in what ways the brain responded as the participants heard the different types of emotional vocal sounds.They were able to measure: how the brain responds to emotions expressed through vocalizations compared to spoken language with millisecond precision;whether certain emotions are recognized more quickly through vocalizations than others and produce larger brain responses; and whether people who are anxious are particularly sensitive to emotional voices based on the strength of their brain response.
- Human Sounds Convey Emotions Clearer And Faster Than Words Australia Networknews - “The team discovered that the participants detected vocalizations of happiness or laughter more quickly than anger or sadness. However, angry sounds and speech produced brain activity that lingered longer than other emotions, indicating that the brain gives anger signals special attention. Additionally, people who are more anxious respond faster to emotional voices than the less anxious ones.”
- Emotions Easier to Understand without Words @ Integrated Listening - “Other vocalization used speech-like nonsense words. The participants were asked to identify which emotion each sound conveyed. While they did this, the researchers monitored their brain activity using EEG. This allowed the researchers to determine how the brain responds to emotional sounds.The brain is more responsive to emotional vocalizations than to emotional speech sounds. It took only one-tenth of a second for the brain to recognize emotions from vocalizations, less time than it took to identify emotions based on speech.”
- Hearing emotions: Brain recognizes emotions via sound much faster than by language @ Sott.net - “They were able to measure:how the brain responds to emotions expressed through vocalizations compared to spoken language with millisecond precision; whether certain emotions are recognized more quickly through vocalizations than others and produce larger brain responses; and whether people who are anxious are particularly sensitive to emotional voices based on the strength of their brain response.
Speech perception
About/ Info
Pleasure centers/ Hedonic Hotspots
Brain stimulation reward
Incentive salience