what is Behavioural genetics
- "Behavioural genetics, also commonly referred to as behaviour genetics, is the field of study that examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour, with subspecialties focused on human behavioural genetics and animal behaviour genetics. Behavioural genetics is a field that uses genetic methodologies to understand the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior. Often associated with the "nature versus nurture" debate, behavioural genetics is highly interdisciplinary, involving contributions from biology, neuroscience, genetics, epigenetics, ethology, psychology, and statistics. Behavioural geneticists study the inheritance of behavioural traits. In humans, this information is often gathered through the use of genetic association studies or family studies including the twin study or adoption study. In animal studies, breeding, transgenesis, and gene knockout techniques are common. Psychiatric genetics, epigenetic research on behaviour, and genetic research in neuroscience are related subfields within behavioral genetics. - Wikipedia
- Behavior Genetics - Springer
- Behavioural genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Great Ideas in Personality--Behavior Genetics
- Introduction to Human Behavioral Genetics - University of Minnesota | Coursera
- Behavioural genetics - Latest research and news | Nature
- Behavioral Genetics and Child Temperament
- Behavioral Genetics : Psychology - oi
- Behavioral genetics: Meet molecular biology
- Behavior Genetics Association
- 6. Behavioral Genetics I - YouTube
- Behavioral Genetics | How twins saved psychology - YouTube
- 7. Behavioral Genetics II - YouTube
wtf are neurotransmitters & Amino acids
Amygdala
- The Experience of Eating @ Yale Scientific Magazine
- What’s Your Amygdala Have to Do with Your Weight? @ Nutrition411
- The Amygdala and Pleasure- and few other Brain Things
- Are You Sensitizing Your Amygdala? @ HealthyPlace
- Dopamine signaling in the amygdala, increased by food ingestion and GLP-1, regulates feeding behavior. @ NCBI
- The Amygdala Is NOT the Brain's Fear Center @Psychology Today
- Amygdala (Definition, Function, Location)
- THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
- The Amygdala in 5 Minutes @ Big Think
- Amygdala - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Amygdala @ Science Daily
Hypothalamus
- "The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.""The extreme lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for the control of food intake. Stimulation of this area causes increased food intake. Bilateral lesion of this area causes complete cessation of food intake. Medial parts of the nucleus have a controlling effect on the lateral part. Bilateral lesion of the medial part of the ventromedial nucleus causes hyperphagia and obesity of the animal. Further lesion of the lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus in the same animal produces complete cessation of food intake."- Control of food intake Wikipedia
- The hypothalamus is responsible for a variety of biological functions within your body. The hypothalamus is the body's main regulator of homeostasis. The homeostasis of your body is critical. Homeostasis is defined as the production and maintenance of a stable internal environment. Some of the homeostatic mechanism that the hypothalamus controls is listed ...Blood pressure. Body temperature. Circadian rhythm. Heart rate. Hunger.Immune responses. Sexual desire.Thirst.Water balance" - The Role Of The Hypothalamus In Hunger @ HelloLife
- "The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.""Neurobiological research related to sexual orientation in humans is only just gathering momentum, but the evidence already shows that humans have a vast array of brain differences, not only in relation to gender, but also in relation to sexual orientation." - Hypothalamus & Sexual orientation @ Wikpedia
- @BodyLine
- @Dictionary
- @Brain Made Simple
- @You & Your Hormones
Frontal lobe
- The Anatomy and Functions of the Frontal Lobe - YouTube
- Dopamine and the frontal lobes - YouTube
- Where Are Old Memories Stored in the Brain? - Scientific American
- The Brain - The Frontal Lobe - YouTube
- Frontal Lobes of the Brain: Function, Overview - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
- 11. Discovering Good Health: "The Frontal Lobe" (Complete) PBMC - YouTube
- Brain Matters: Frontal Lobes (4 of 5) - YouTube
- Phineas Gage neuroscience case: True story of famous frontal lobe patient is better than textbook accounts.
- Interviews - Jay Giedd, M.d. | Inside The Teenage Brain | FRONTLINE | PBS
- Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Guide - Frontal Lobes
- Frontal lobe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - "The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain. The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe. It is separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral sulcus also called the Sylvian fissure. The precentral gyrus, forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain. A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia"
- Frontal Lobe Anatomy & Pictures
- Frontal Lobe Anatomy
- Frontal Lobes in the Cerebral Cortex
- Brain Injury Types | Frontal Lobe Damage Information | Symptoms & Recovery
- Frontal Lobe - The Brain Made Simple
- Frontal lobe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- How to Boost Your 'Happy Hormones'Doctor and life coach Susan Biali on how to boost your “happy hormones
Tryptophan/l-tryptophan
- "Tryptophan (IUPAC-IUBMB abbreviation: Trp or W; IUPAC abbreviation: L-Trp or D-Trp; sold for medical use as Tryptan)[2] is one of the 22 standard amino acids and an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG. Only the L-stereoisomer of tryptophan is used in structural or enzyme proteins, but the R-stereoisomer is occasionally found in naturally produced peptides (for example, the marine venom peptide contryphan).[3] The distinguishing structural characteristic of tryptophan is that it contains an indole functional group." Wikipedia
- "L-tryptophan is used for insomnia, sleep apnea, depression, anxiety, facial pain, a severe form of premenstrual syndrome called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), smoking cessation, grinding teeth during sleep (bruxism), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette's syndrome, and to improve athletic performance. -@ WebMD
- @NLM
- Better Brain Chemistry with Tryptophan @ Life Extension - "Aging is often accompanied by a spectrum of mood disorders that include irritability, stress, and anxiety. These symptoms, along with more severe ones like sleep disorders, depression, aggressive behavior, reduced motivation, and suicidal thinking have all been traced to depletion of brain levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that has been called the 'happiness hormone'...In order for your body to manufacture serotonin, it needs a sufficient supply of the natural amino acid,tryptophan.1 Much of what is now known about the role of serotonin in psychiatric and behavioral disturbances comes from studies of tryptophan depletion.6,7 Lowering tryptophan levels triggers a corresponding drop in brain serotonin production and can impact mood, impair memory, and increase aggression"
L-Tryptophan
- L Tryptophan - "L-tryptophan is used for insomnia, sleep apnea, depression, anxiety, facial pain, a severe form of premenstrual syndrome called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), smoking cessation, grinding teeth during sleep (bruxism), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette's syndrome, and to improve athletic performance." "fter absorbing L-tryptophan from food, our bodies convert it to 5-HTP (5-hyrdoxytryptophan), and then to serotonin. Serotonin is a hormone that transmits signals between nerve cells. It also causes blood vessels to narrow. Changes in the level of serotonin in the brain can alter mood."
Temporal lobe
- Temporal lobe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Temporal Lobe - The Brain Made Simple
- Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Guide - Temporal Lobes
- Temporal Lobe Epilepsy | Epilepsy Foundation
- Temporal Lobes in the Cerebral Cortex
- Temporal Lobe Lesions. Learn about temporal lobe lesions | Patient
- Temporal lobe seizure - Mayo Clinic
- Temporal Lobe: Definition & Functions - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
- Temporal lobe definition - MedicineNet - Health and Medical Information Produced by Doctors
Hippocampus
- What happens when you remove the hippocampus? - Sam Kean - YouTube
- 2-Minute Neuroscience: The Hippocampus - YouTube
- The Emotional Part of Your Brain is A Lot Like Your Girlfriend's
- Hippocampus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- The Hippocampus in the Limbic System
- Hippocampus Function, Anatomy & Definition | Body Maps
- What is the Hippocampus?
- Memory, Learning, and Emotion: the Hippocampus | PsychEducation
- Memory Loss & the Brain
- Limbic System: Hippocampus (Section 4, Chapter 5) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston
Dopamine
- Dopamine - "Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them
- Dopamine Deficiency And Your Mental Health@ Reset.me - "There are both healthy and unhealthy ways to get a dopamine lift. You can boost your dopamine watching or playing sports, learning something new, finishing a project, or landing a new account at work. Any form of accomplishment that gives you that “Yes, I did it!” feeling will increase dopamine. The unhealthy way to stimulate dopamine production is with addictive substances of all kinds.....Depression is usually thought of as due to a lack of serotonin, another “feel good” brain chemical. But there’s a growing body of evidence that dopamine deficiency is the underlying cause of depression for many people instead. This explains why selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — depression medications that work by increasing serotonin — work for only 40 percent of those who use them (6). Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is an antidepressant that works by addressing low dopamine for those who have not been helped by SSRIs (7). There’s a difference in the symptoms of depression experienced by those with serotonin versus dopamine deficiency. Dopamine-based depression expresses itself as lethargy and lack of enjoyment of life, while serotonin-based depression tends to be accompanied by anxiety (8)."
- "Dopamine is commonly associated with the 'pleasure system' of the brain, providing feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement to motivate us to do, or continue doing, certain activities. Certainly dopamine is released (particularly in areas such as the nucleus accumbens and striatum) by naturally rewarding experiences such as food, sex, abuse of drugs and neutral stimuli that become associated with them. This theory is often discussed in terms of drugs (such as cocaine) which seem to directly produce dopamine release in these areas, and in relation to neurobiological theories of addiction, which argue that these dopamine pathways are pathologically altered in addicted persons.However, the idea that dopamine is the 'reward chemical' of the brain now seems too simple as more evidence has been gathered. Dopamine is known to be released when unpleasant or aversive stimuli are encountered, suggesting that it is not only associated with 'rewards' or pleasure. Also, the firing of dopamine neurons occur when a pleasurable activity is expected, regardless of whether it actually happens or not. This suggests that dopamine may be involved in desire rather than pleasure. Drugs that are known to reduce dopamine activity (e.g. antipsychotics) have been shown to reduce people's desire for pleasurable stimuli, despite the fact that they will rate them as just as pleasurable when they actually encounter or consume them. It seems that these drugs reduce the 'wanting' but not the 'liking', providing more evidence for the desire theory.Other theories suggest that the crucial role of dopamine may be in predicting pleasurable activity. Related theories argue that dopamine function may be involved in the salience ('noticeableness') of perceived objects and events, with potentially important stimuli (including rewarding things, but also things which may be dangerous or a threat) appearing more noticeable or more important. This theory argues that dopamine's role is to assist decision making by influencing the priority of such stimuli to the person concerned." - Wikipedia
- "Dopamine is commonly associated with the 'pleasure system' of the brain, providing feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement to motivate us to do, or continue doing, certain activities. Certainly dopamine is released (particularly in areas such as the nucleus accumbens and striatum) by naturally rewarding experiences such as food, sex, abuse of drugs and neutral stimuli that become associated with them. This theory is often discussed in terms of drugs (such as cocaine) which seem to directly produce dopamine release in these areas, and in relation to neurobiological theories of addiction, which argue that these dopamine pathways are pathologically altered in addicted persons.However, the idea that dopamine is the 'reward chemical' of the brain now seems too simple as more evidence has been gathered. Dopamine is known to be released when unpleasant or aversive stimuli are encountered, suggesting that it is not only associated with 'rewards' or pleasure. Also, the firing of dopamine neurons occur when a pleasurable activity is expected, regardless of whether it actually happens or not. This suggests that dopamine may be involved in desire rather than pleasure. Drugs that are known to reduce dopamine activity (e.g. antipsychotics) have been shown to reduce people's desire for pleasurable stimuli, despite the fact that they will rate them as just as pleasurable when they actually encounter or consume them. It seems that these drugs reduce the 'wanting' but not the 'liking', providing more evidence for the desire theory." - Dopamine Neurotransmitter @ Ppsychology World
limbric system
- Emotions: Limbic System uploaded by khanacademymedicine
- Limbic System: Sex, Hallucinations, Emotion, Memory, PTSD, Amygdala... Brain Mind Lecture 6 uploaded by Sarastarlight
- How the Body Works : Center of Emotion and Memory uploaded by dan ezzo - izzo
- "The limbic system supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories." - Wikipedia
- Limbic System: The Center of Emotions
- What is the Limbic System in the Brain? - Definition, Functions & Parts @ Study.com
- The Limbic System
- The limbic system
- Emotions: limbic system | Emotion @Khan Academy
- The Limbic System
- Chapter 9: Limbic System
- Limbic System: Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Thalamus
serotonin
- "Serotonin (/ˌsɛrɵˈtoʊnɨn/, /ˌsɪr-/) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of animals, including humans. It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness.Approximately 90% of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it is used to regulate intestinal movements.The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation, which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gut mobility. The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS, where it has various functions. These include the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including memory and learning. Modulation of serotonin at synapses is thought to be a major action of several classes of pharmacological antidepressants." - Wikipedia
- BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH Serotonin and Behavior by Viatcheslav Wlassoff, PhD - "Defects in one of the serotonin receptors, 5-HT 1A, are known to lead to the increased anxiety. The decrease of the level of serotonin generated by the action of enzyme monoaminooxidase A is associated with violent behavior and antisocial personality disorder. Increased level of serotonin during early life, caused by decreased activity of this enzyme, seems to be linked with the higher risk of violent behavior and aggression in the adulthood...."
Phenethylamine
When people say chocolate makes them feel good and weight loss / psychopaths state to stay away from it because of the feel good feeling this is what they are talking about. This is the feeling you also have when in love;therefore, we must stay away from love because... health/weight loss guru's say so.
- "Phenethylamine (PEA), also known as β-phenylethylamine (β-PEA) and 2-phenylethylamine is an organic compound and a natural monoamine alkaloid, a trace amine, and also the name of a class of chemicals with many members that are well known for their psychoactive and stimulant effects.Phenylethylamine functions as a monoaminergic neuromodulator and, to a lesser extent, a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. It is biosynthesized from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by enzymatic decarboxylation via the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation. It is sold as a dietary supplement for purported mood and... therapeutic benefits; however, orally ingested phenethylamine experiences extensive first-pass metabolism by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which metabolize it into phenylacetic acid. This prevents significant concentrations from reaching the brain when taken in low doses.The group of phenethylamine derivatives is referred to as the phenethylamines. Substituted phenethylamines, substituted amphetamines, and substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines (MDxx) are a series of broad and diverse classes of compounds derived from phenethylamine that include empathogens, stimulants, psychedelics, anxiolytics (hypnotics) and entactogens, as well as anorectics, bronchodilators, decongestants, and antidepressants, among others." - Wikipedia
- @ Erowid (talks positive about drug use, warning)
- The Love Drug @ Premiere Exhibitions
- The High of Being in Love by Frédérique Herel
- Love Chemicals: Love Chemicals and Chemistry of Love @ About
- PEA - The Hormone of Love by Dario Nardi, Ph.D.
- THE LOVE DRUG by Joe Kort
- Foods With Phenylethylamine @ liveStrong - Guess what? It's not just chocolate.So, your fat-phobic "fat people are addicted to chocolate, it is an addiction!!" bs is old.
ANANDAMIDE - " THE 'BLISS' MOLECULE"
- Anandamide - " the 'bliss' molecule" "has a structure very similar to that of tetrahydrocannabinol, the active constituent of cannabis. It is messenger molecule that plays a role in many bodily activities, including appetite, memory, pain, depression, and fertility - hence its name, which is derived from the word 'ananda' which means 'extreme delight' or 'bliss' in the Sanskrit language"
Melatonin
- Melatonin - "Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland,a small gland in the brain. Melatonin helps control your sleep and wake cycles."
Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine - "..essential to sleep, dreaming, learning and memory...increasing your intake of foods rich in lecithin and B vitamins might help encourage more vivid dreams."
Oxytocin
Vitamin D
l-Tyrosine
- What is L-tyrosine and how can it help anxiety? - "Tyrosine can also be found in nuts, beans, oats, and wheat." "People take tyrosine for depression, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the inability to stay awake (narcolepsy), and improving alertness following sleep deprivation. It is also used for stress, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), alcohol and cocaine withdrawal, heart disease and stroke, ED (erectile dysfunction), loss of interest in sex, schizophrenia, and as a suntan agent"
Phenylalanine
- Phenylalanine - "Phenylalanine is used for depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and a skin disease called vitiligo." Vegans could benefit from taking a supplement."
Faulty Brain
about/info
The Brain
- The Faulty Walnut uploaded by The School of Life - "Our minds are made up of some of the most impressive matter in the universe. But they are also profoundly flawed machines, whose weaknesses we should be well aware of. We like to call them 'faulty walnuts.' "
The scientific version/ description of Highly Sensitive Person because people think HSP is pseudoscience.
About/Info
Self-stimulatory behavior / Stimming
Sensory Seeker
Sensory avoider
proprioception
- Proprioceptive Sensory Feedback @ELS - “Proprioceptors are sensors that provide information about orientation of the body relative to the body's orientation with respect to gravity, movement of the body relative to the external medium and movements and forces in localised regions of the body.
CHRNA4 , ADRA2B GENE
CHRNA4
- The Sensitive Gene: Why Some People Are Born To Feel Emotions Harder @ Elite Daily
- New Sensitivity Gene Discovered @ The Creativity Post - "Individuals with the T/T variation of the CHRNA4 gene who were maltreated showed higher levels of anxiety (Neuroticism) compared to those with the C allele of this gene. They appeared to be more likely to learn anxious and fearful responses to situations with higher levels of uncertainty. In contrast, those with the T/T allele who were not maltreated were low in anxiety (Neuroticism) and high in curiosity (Openness to Experience). What’s more, this effect was independent of age, race, and sex. These results suggest that under normal parenting environments, the T/T allele (which is much rarer in the general population than the C allele) may be beneficial, bringing out lower levels of anxiety and increased curiosity in response to situations containing expected uncertainty. These results are certainly exciting, but a few important caveats are in order. For one thing, the T/T genotype is very rare in the general population, which makes it all the more important for future studies to attempt to replicate these findings. Also, we're talking vanishingly small effects here. The CHRNA4 variant only explained at most 1% of the variation in neuroticism and openness to experience. So we shouldn't go around trying to predict individual people's futures based on knowledge of a single gene and a single environment."
- How Do Your Genes Influence Levels of Emotional Sensitivity? @ Psychology Today - "Carriers of the ADRA2b gene variation show more activity in a region of the brain responsible for regulating emotions and evaluating both pleasure and threat. "
- ADRA2B: The Genetic Variation That Determines Our Emotional Reactions | World of Psychology - "Being the sensitive one in your group can be annoying when pick on you for taking things too seriously, or for being a nervous nelly. But the truth of the matter is that sensitive people are often the emotional centers of their friend groups. Without that one friend ready to say “I don’t know about this you guys…” you’re more likely to plunge head first into danger without thinking about the consequences."
- The Highly Sensitive Person: Emotional Sensitivity May Stem From A Person's Genes, Enhancing The Way They See The World - "Rebecca Todd, who led the study, is a professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia; her prior research found people with the gene variant ADRA2B perceived “positive and negative images more vividly.” ADRA2B influences the neurotransmitter norepinephrine ....When compared to participants without the variant, those with it estimated lower levels of noise on positive and negative images, which is an indicator of “emotional vividness.” These participants also showed significantly more activity in the amygdala, the brain region responsible for emotional regulation, as well as evaluating pleasure and threat."
(HS) Trait/Sensory Processing Sensitivity
- SPS
- Shades of Sensitivity - Scientific American Blog Network - “On the other hand, this research suggests that sensitivity need not be negative. As the researchers note, “for some sensitive people, sensitivity does not necessarily have to be debilitating. Rather, it could enhance their complex inner lies, and possibly lead to higher subjective well-being.” Prior research has found that aesthetic sensitivity is related to a variety of beneficial outcomes, including greater attention to detail and communication skills, and higher levels of affilitativeness and openness to experience.”
- Scientists say 20% of people are 'highly sensitive' and predisposed to cry at films | Daily Mail Online - “In a new study published in Brain and Behavior, Drs. Aron and colleagues at the University of California, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and Monmouth University found that Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of brains provide physical evidence that the 'highly sensitive' brain responds powerfully to emotional images.”
- High Sensory-Processing Sensitivity at WorkArne Evers, Jochem Rasche, and Marc J. Schabrac @ ResearchGate
- sensory processing sensitivity Archives - One Sensitive Day At A Time - “As a person with Sensory-Processing Sensitivity, you are more likely to be aware of:the emotions of loved ones.tensions.deadlines.improved understanding of consequences.loud noises.bright lights.understanding problems on an intricate level.a greater sense of responsibility.Roughly 15-20% of women and men are hypothesized to have the high sensitivity trait.
- Anxiety problems relating to sensory processing difficulties (especially in adolescents) - The Physio Shed - “Sensory Sensitivity: Sensory sensitivity can be general as part of a natural character trait (a highly sensitive person), or specific as a result of trauma (physical or emotional). Sensory Sensitivity is a person's heightened arousal by general or specific stimuli due to sensitisation. Sensitisation is reduced sensory dampening or inhibition of stimuli deemed irrelevant. A person with sensory sensitivity can feel overwhelmed with sensory "overload" due to constant or excessive arousal by stimuli that are not being screened, dampened or inhibited.”
- Relationship between the temperament trait of sensory processing sensitivity and emotional reactivity | Jagiellowicz @ SBP Journal - “Overall, results suggest that high SPS individuals respond more strongly to emotional stimuli—especially positive—without being more aroused unless they had especially high-quality parenting.”
- Ultra-sensitive? It's in your brain – The Chart - CNN.com Blogs - “Researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to look at the brains of 18 participants. They found that people with sensory processing sensitivity tended to have more brain activity in the high-order visual processing regions, and in the right cerebellum, when detecting minor details of photographs presented to them.”
- Sensitive people may use their brains differently @ Medical XPress - “The results showed that subjects with higher SPS (the more sensitive people) had greater activation in areas of the brain concerned with high-order visual processing, including the bilateral temporal, medial, and posterior parietal regions, right claustrum, and left occipitotemporal regions, as well as the right cerebellum. Those with SPS spent longer looking at the photographs and paid more attention to detail....Over 100 other species are known to have individuals with the sensitivity trait, including dogs, fish, primates, and even fruit flies.”
- Study Sheds Light on What Makes People Shy @ Live Science - "About 20 percent of people are born with a personality trait called sensory perception sensitivity (SPS) that can manifest itself as the tendency to be inhibited, or even neuroticism. The trait can be seen in some children who are "slow to warm up" in a situation but eventually join in, need little punishment, cry easily, ask unusual questions or have especially deep thoughts, the study researchers say. The new results show that these highly sensitive individuals also pay more attention to detail, and have more activity in certain regions of their brains when trying to process visual information than those who are not classified as highly sensitive."
- Cry at films? Blame your genes: Scientists say 20% of people are affected by 'sensory processing sensitivity' that makes them more emotional @ Daily Mall
- The highly sensitive brain: an fMRI study of sensory processing sensitivity and response to others' emotions @ Wiley Online Library - "Across all conditions, HSP scores were associated with increased brain activation of regions involved in attention and action planning (in the cingulate and premotor area [PMA]). For happy and sad photo conditions, SPS was associated with activation of brain regions involved in awareness, integration of sensory information, empathy, and action planning (e.g., cingulate, insula, inferior frontal gyrus [IFG], middle temporal gyrus [MTG], and PMA)."“As predicted, for partner images and for happy facial photos, HSP scores were associated with stronger activation of brain regions involved in awareness, empathy, and self-other processing. These results provide evidence that awareness and responsiveness are fundamental features of SPS, and show how the brain may mediate these traits.”
- @ Wikipedia - "Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS, a personality trait, a high measure of which defines a highly sensitive person or HSP), has been described as having hypersensitivity to external stimuli, a greater depth of cognitive processing, and high emotional reactivity. The terms SPS and HSP were coined in the mid-1990s by psychologists Elaine Aron and husband Arthur Aron, with SPS being measured by Aron's Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) questionnaire. Other researchers have applied various other terms to denote this responsiveness to stimuli that is evidenced in humans and other species"
- Sensory Processing Sensitivity – What it Is; What it Isn’t HSP Highlights & Insights Newsletter @ Life Works Help - "Sensory Processing Sensitivity (HSP) it is not a syndrome; it is not a disorder; it is not a diagnosis —- Just as having blue or brown eyes is not a syndrome, disorder or diagnosis. It is also NOT Sensory Processing (Integration) Disorder; it is not Hyperacusis; it is not Soft Sound Sensitivity; it is not on the Autism Spectrum. Sensory Processing Sensitivity is a genetic, innate and neutral trait that can be greatly affected by environmental stimuli — both positive and negative. And yes, it’s true — the more negative the environment, the more likely an HSP might suffer from depression or anxiety. However, the HSP trait in and of itself does not cause depression or anxiety ."
- Higher sensory processing sensitivity, introversion and ectomorphism: New biomarkers for human creativity in developing rural areas - "The highly sensitive trait present in animals, has also been proposed as a human neurobiological trait. People having such trait can process larger amounts of sensory information than usual, making it an excellent attribute that allows to pick up subtle environmental details and cues. Furthermore, this trait correlates to some sort of giftedness such as higher perception, inventiveness, imagination and creativity. We present evidences that support the existance of key neural connectivity between the mentioned trait, higher sensory processing sensitivity, introversion, ectomorphism and creativity. The neurobiological and behavioral implications that these biomarkers have in people living in developing rural areas are discussed as well."
- The trait of sensory processing sensitivity and neural responses to changes in visual scenes - "This exploratory study examined the extent to which individual differences in sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), a temperament/personality trait characterized by social, emotional and physical sensitivity, are associated with neural response in visual areas in response to subtle changes in visual scenes. Sixteen participants completed the Highly Sensitive Person questionnaire, a standard measure of SPS. Subsequently, they were tested on a change detection task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). SPS was associated with significantly greater activation in brain areas involved in high-order visual processing (i.e. right claustrum, left occipitotemporal, bilateral temporal and medial and posterior parietal regions) as well as in the right cerebellum, when detecting minor (vs major) changes in stimuli. These findings remained strong and significant after controlling for neuroticism and introversion, traits that are often correlated with SPS. These results provide the first evidence of neural differences associated with SPS, the first direct support for the sensory aspect of this trait that has been studied primarily for its social and affective implications, and preliminary evidence for heightened sensory processing in individuals high in SPS."
- Sensory Processing Sensitivity @ LIFEBLAZING - "There are nearly 7 billion people on Earth. Of those, 20% are born with highly refined nervous systems. 61 million Americans — 1.3 billion people worldwide — process things more deeply." “1. Stop seeking permission and approval.....2. Rather than adapting to others, assert yourself....3. Be aware of your sensitivities, and the super awareness they bring you. Highly esteem and value these insights. Put them to profitable use....4. We like to focus, so we should....5. We like to create, so we should...6. We like to heal/help, so we should.”
- Sensory Processing Sensitivity – What it Is; What it Isn’t HSP Highlights & Insights Newsletter @ Life Works Help - "It is also worth knowing that the ONLY four things ALL HSPs have in common is : D.O.E.S. 1) Depth of Processing; 2) Overstimulation; 3) Emotional Intensity; 4) Sensory Sensitivity. (This is from Elaine Aron’s book: Psychotherapy and the HSP) "
- Sensitive? Emotional? Empathetic? It Could be in Your Genes @ Stony Brook University Newsroom - "“We found that areas of the brain involved with awareness and emotion, particularly those areas connected with empathetic feelings, in the highly sensitive people showed substantially greater blood flow to relevant brain areas than was seen in individuals with low sensitivity during the twelve second period when they viewed the photos,” said Dr. Aron, a Research Professor in Psychology at Stony Brook. “This is physical evidence within the brain that highly sensitive individuals respond especially strongly to social situations that trigger emotions, in this case of faces being happy or sad.”"
- Higher sensory processing sensitivity, introversion and ectomorphism: New biomarkers for human creativity in developing rural areas @ NCBI - "The highly sensitive (HS) trait is a recently proposed human trait, found in up to 20 % of the population,[1] which allows to process information deeper than usual. This trait makes HS people more prone to arousal, especially after exposure to sense stressors such as bright lights, loud noise, strong smells as well as dense and chaotic environments.This people may process, at the same time, larger amounts of sensory information than usual, making this trait an excellent model to pick up subtle environmental details and cues. However, they feel easily worn out, overwhelmed and exhausted because they sense every single detail while interacting with their environment. To recover from such attainable sensory overload, these individuals require more quiet time daily to be alone, as well as additional longer sleep times than those without the HS trait.[3–5] Further, the HS trait correlates with higher perception, consciousness, inventiveness, imagination and creativity. Therefore, a relationship between higher sensory processing sensitivity, introversion, ectomorphism and creativity is proposed, which may have strong neurobiological and behavioral implications in developing rural areas, mostly in those under social conflict."
- Sensitive people may use their brains differently @ Phys - "Approximately one in five people are born with Sensory Perception Sensitivity (SPS), a personality trait that can lead to people being highly sensitive, and sometimes inhibited, introverted, shy, or even neurotic. Children with SPS may seem to be slow to adjust to situations, or may cry easily, have unusually deep thoughts, or may ask odd questions. Until now, there has been little study of how the brain's responses may be different in highly sensitive people."
Hypersensitive
- Hypersensitive | Definition of Hypersensitive by Merriam-Webster - " having feelings that are very easily hurt"
- Hypersensitivity - Global Advanced Personality Test Trait Descriptions
- How to Live in this World Being Hypersensitive? | Laura Marie -" 1) Stop thinking we have a problem....2) To Protect ourselves from places, people and circumstances that could affect us negatively...3) Using your hypersensitivity as a strength... 5) To understand that everything has a reason, even our hypersensitivity"
- Depression and Hypersensitivity: Why Some of Us Take Things Personally - Depression - "For some of us who are highly sensitive, our emotional filtering system has an enhanced feature. Some of us are more wired to detect threats in our environment.It is my theory that for those of us who are highly sensitive, we sort incoming communication through the following filters: 1. What did the person say? This is the content of what is actually being said. The “face value” of the communication. 2. What is the person feeling? We interpret the communicator’s tone, intonation, body language, and other non-verbal modes of communication through an emotional filter. 3. Is this communication a sign of impending danger? We may unconsciously look for signs that we may be hurt by what is being said. For those of us who are highly sensitive, we may add this extra filter as a way to avoid pain."
Potentiation
- @Alley Dog - “Long-Term Potentiation is the ability of brain cells to retain how frequently they send signals to other brain cells. “
- @ wikipedia - “In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons.[2] The opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.
- It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength,[3] LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory”
- Long term potentiation - Intro to Psychology uploaded by Udacity
- Definition of Long-term Potentiation @ Chegg.com - “First discovered by Terje Lømo in 1966, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting strengthening of synapses between nerve cells. Psychologists use LTP to explain long-term memories. That is, long-term memories are thought to be biologically based on LTP because humans cannot retain memories for the long term (the cells could not communicate with each other) unless connections between nerve cells are sufficiently strong for an extended period of time. LTP is also related to learning: without LTP, learning some skills might be difficult or impossible. In experimental psychology, researchers have induced LTP in mammals by repeatedly stimulating the synapses of nerve cells. Research on LTP has also focused on its relation to neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's.”
- Long Term Potentiation Definition Psychology | Flow Psychology - “When the long term potentiation is induced, the first synapse of the LTP will never spread in some synapses. This is only disseminated only to the synapses that are stated from the rules of cooperativity and associativity. But, the specificity input of LTP might get incomplete in short distances. Morris and Frey explain that input specificity of LTP in 1997, and this was officially called the capture hypothesis and synaptic tagging.”
- Long-Term Potentiation @ Biology Pages - “Rats or mice who have had a part of their brain called the hippocampus damaged, cannot learn this task, although they continue to solve it quickly if they were trained before their brain damage. This suggests that neurons in the hippocampus are needed for this type of learning.”
Mirror Neuron System
- @ Wikipedia -“Mirror neurons are premotor and parietal cells in the macaque brain that fire when the animal performs a goal directed action and when it sees others performing the same action." Evidence suggests that the mirror neuron system also allows people to comprehend and understand the intentions and emotions of others.”
- “The discovery of mirror neurons owes as much to serendipity as to skill. In the 1980s, Rizzolatti and his colleagues had found that some neurons in an area of macaque monkeys' premotor cortex called F5 fired when the monkeys did things like reach for or bite a peanut.
- The mind's mirror @ APA - The researchers wanted to learn more about how these neurons responded to different objects and actions, so they used electrodes to record activity from individual F5 neurons while giving the monkeys different objects to handle.They quickly noticed something surprising: When they picked up an object--say, a peanut--to hand it to the monkey, some of the monkey's motor neurons would start to fire. Even more surprisingly, these were the same neurons that would also fire when the monkey itself grasped the peanut.The researchers found that individual neurons would only respond to very specific actions. A mirror neuron that fired when, say, the monkey grasped a peanut would also fire only when the experimenter grasped a peanut, while a neuron that fired when the monkey put a peanut in its mouth would also fire only when the experimenter put a peanut in his own mouth.”
- ARTICLES @ Physiology Online - “Mirror neurons are a class of neurons that become active both when individuals perform a specific motor act and when they observe a similar act done by others. In primates, mirror neurons have been found in the premotor cortex and in the inferior parietal lobule (22, 20, 51). Recently, mirror neurons also have been described in the forebrain of birds (48).The essence of the mirror neuron mechanism is the transformation of specific sensory information into a motor format. This mechanism can be demonstrated, besides recording single neurons, by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), EEG, MEG, and brain imaging technique (PET, fMRI). Evidence of the existence of mirror mechanism in humans is based on these techniques.”
- Mirror neurons @ Scholarpedia - “Originally discovered in a subdivision of the monkey's premotor cortex, area F5, mirror neurons have later been also found in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL, Rizzolatti et al. 2001, Fogassi et al. 2005) ( Figure 2). IPL receives a strong input from the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region known to code biological motion (Jellema et al. 2002), and sends output to ventral premotor cortex including area F5. Note that, although STS responds to the observation of actions done by others, it is not endowed with motor properties. Thus, the cortical mirror neuron system is formed by two main regions:the ventral premotor cortex and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule.Neurophysiological (EEG, MEG, and TMS), and brain-imaging (PET and fMRI) experiments provided strong evidence that a fronto-parietal circuit with properties similar to the monkey's mirror neuron system is also present in humans (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004). As in the monkey the mirror neuron system is constituted of IPL and a frontal lobe sector formed by the ventral premotor cortex plus the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).”
- Mirror neuron system in neuro rehabilitation by Phinoj K Abraham @ Slide Share
- The Mirror Neuron Revolution: Explaining What Makes Humans Social . Interview with Marco Iacoboni @ Scientific American - “IACOBONI: What do we do when we interact? We use our body to communicate our intentions and our feelings. The gestures, facial expressions, body postures we make are social signals, ways of communicating with one another. Mirror neurons are the only brain cells we know of that seem specialized to code the actions of other people and also our own actions. They are obviously essential brain cells for social interactions. Without them, we would likely be blind to the actions, intentions and emotions of other people. The way mirror neurons likely let us understand others is by providing some kind of inner imitation of the actions of other people, which in turn leads us to “simulate” the intentions and emotions associated with those actions. When I see you smiling, my mirror neurons for smiling fire up, too, initiating a cascade of neural activity that evokes the feeling we typically associate with a smile. I don’t need to make any inference on what you are feeling, I experience immediately and effortlessly (in a milder form, of course) what you are experiencing.” Note: Some other articles pretty much tried to state that people with autism have no empathy. Pretty sure if they had none, they would be serial killers or psychopaths. This article doesn’t make autism out to be something that is bad and needs to be fixed.
- Mirror neurons: Enigma of the metaphysical modular brain @NCBI - “Neurophysiological (EEG, MEG, and TMS), and brain-imaging (PET and fMRI) experiments provided strong evidence that a fronto-parietal circuit with properties similar to the monkey's mirror neuron system is also present in humans.[3] As in the monkey, the mirror neuron system is constituted of IPL and a frontal lobe sector formed by the ventral premotor cortex plus the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)....Studies have shown that people who are more empathic according to self-report questionnaires have stronger activations both in the mirror system for hand actions and the mirror system for emotions, providing more direct support for the idea that the mirror system is linked to empathy. Functions mediated by mirror neurons depend on the anatomy and physiological properties of the circuit in which these neurons are located.”
default mode network
- The brain’s default mode network – what does it mean to us? - ““This is important for survival; it isn’t just fun, it’s important....”
- What is the Default Mode Network? @ Very Well “Because the default mode network is most active at rest and because of the structures involved, some people have posited that it is associated with introspective thought, including activities like daydreaming or retrieving memories.”
- A Brief Introduction to the Default Mode Network - BrainFacts.org
- What role does the default mode network play in cognition? | Frontiers Research Topic - “The DMN consists of a set of brain regions that show highly correlated brain activity during ‘rest’, and a reduced level of activation during most attentionally demanding tasks. Regions within the DMN, including the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), the retrosplenial cortex and parts of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have high metabolic demands at rest, and are densely interconnected by white matter tracts that form part of the brain’s core structural network. These regions are located at the centre of many distributed brain networks, suggesting an important cognitive function. Abnormalities of the DMN are seen across a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and a detailed understanding of the effects of disease on the DMN may be particularly important for understanding its impact on behavior. “
- Default mode network - Wikipedia
- A Brief Introduction to the Default Mode Network - YouTube
- Focus and Mind Wandering - The Default Mode Network
- RA: Default Mode Network
- Your brain and the default mode network... | Amanda Webb | LinkedIn - “The following brain areas in particular switch on at these times:Medial pre-frontal cortex – involved in thinking about yourself and the future.Medial temporal lobe – associated with memory and emotion
- Parietal cortex and posterior cingular cortex – associated with imagery and imagination.
- These areas become more active when you’re not in control of what your mind is doing. “
- Art and the Default Mode Network – The Beautiful Brain
- Hemi-Sync and Sensory Integration @ New VIS - “Sensory integration is a term used to describe the way in which the brain sorts out and organizes for our use the many sensations which we receive. It allows us to "put together" parts to create a whole; it attaches meaning to sensations through comparing them with past experiences; it enables high levels of motor coordination; it is the basis of perception.”
- Understanding Sensory Integration @ LD OnLine - “Ayres (1972) defines sensory integration as "the neurological process that organizes sensation from one's own body and from the environment and makes it possible to use the body effectively within the environment"”
- Sensory Integration @ Children Disabilities
- Sensory Integration: Tips to Consider @ IIDC - “Sensory processing is the “procedure in which we take in sensory messages from our bodies and surroundings. Then we interpret these messages and organize our purposeful responses. This occurs when information about sensations is passed back and forth between the central nervous system (CNS) and nerves in the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system with the nerves that are outside the CNS” (Kranowitz, 2004).”
- Sensory Integration @ Brain Rules
- What Is Sensory Integration?@ Family Education - “For most of us, sensory integration occurs without conscious thought or effort. Let's say you're ironing and chatting with your child. You stay focused on your conversation and hear all the fascinating details of the latest episode of Blue's Clues. You may find that you've ironed an entire pile of shirts without even thinking. You certainly didn't have to consciously consider how to apply the correct pressure to the iron, or figure out what to do when you came across a wrinkle or finished a sleeve. You just ironed.”
N400
N2pc
Late positive component
P600
P3b
P3A
P300
P200
P50
C1 and P1
Visual N1
N200
N170
N100
Early left anterior negativity
Bereitschaftspotential
Musicians' Brains 'Fine-Tuned' to Identify Emotion: Northwestern University News - "Kraus, Northwestern's Hugh Knowles Professor of Communication Sciences and Neurobiology; Richard Ashley, associate professor of music cognition; and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory manager Erika Skoe co-authored the study titled "Musical Experience and Neural Efficiency: Effects of Training on Subcortical Processing of Vocal Expressions in Emotion." The study, funded by the National Science Foundation, found that the more years of musical experience musicians possessed and the earlier the age they began their music studies also increased their nervous systems' abilities to process emotion in sound."
- Effect of Sensory Feedback on Immediate Object Imitation in Children with Autism | Laura Schreibman @ Academia.edu - “This study examined the effect of sensory feedback (e.g., flashing lights and sound) on the im-itation performance of children with autism and typical children group-matched for mental age.Participants were administered an immediate object-imitation task with six novel toys constructedfor this study: three with a sensory effect that could be activated by imitating the modeled ac-tion and three without a sensory effect. Although overall imitation performance did not differ significantly between the two groups, the imitation performance of the participants with autism was significantly higher with sensory toys than with nonsensory toys. Typical participants’im-itation performance did not differ between the two sets of toys. Both groups played significantly more with the sensory toys during free play, indicating that sensory toys were more reinforcing for both groups. Additional results demonstrated that typical children used significantly more social behaviors during imitation than children with autism, but they did not differ in object-oriented behaviors, replicating previous findings. It is argued that children with autism may be less motivated to imitate by social interaction, but may be motivated to imitate to receive a nonsocial reward (sensory feedback)”
Sympathetic nervous system
Acute stress reaction
Autonomic nervous system
Apparent death (AKA playing dead,playing opossum
Startle response
orienting response (OR)
about/info
- Neuronal encoding of sound - Wikipedia
- Neural Coding of Sound Envelope in Reverberant Environments | Journal of Neuroscience - “Overall, our results suggest that the auditory system may possess dual mechanisms that make the coding of amplitude envelope relatively robust in reverberation: one general mechanism operating for all stimuli with small modulation depths, and another mechanism dependent on very specific properties of reverberant stimuli, possibly the periodic fluctuations in interaural correlation at the modulation frequency.”
- Neural coding of sound envelope in reverberant environments. - PubMed - NCBI
- An Application of Abstract Algebra to the Neural Code for Sound Localization in the Barn Owl - "Patterns of neural firing can be viewed as a binary code with each neuron as a bit, with neurons which actively fire in response to a stimulus associated to a 1 and those which do not fire associated to a 0.”
- 531.full.pdf
- Neural Coding & Perception @ faculty.washington.edu - Lots of documents.
- download
- Neural Coding of Sound Intensity and Loudness in the Human Auditory System
- Neural coding of complex sounds: speech. - PubMed - NCBI - “The studies that we have reviewed here demonstrate that a temporal-place code can represent fine details in the spectra of vowels and stop-consonants. These features include formant frequencies, formant-frequency transitions, and pitch”
- Approaches to the study of neural coding of sound source location and sound envelope in real environments. - PubMed - NCBI
- e01312.pdf
- Neural Coding of Speech Sounds - Semantic Scholar
- Neural Coding of Complex Sounds: Speech - Annual Review of Physiology, 46(1):261 Perception Lecture Notes: Loudness Perception and Critical Bands
- Plasticity in the Neural Coding of Auditory Space in the Mammalian Brain on JSTOR
- Neural coding and the invariance problem « The Brian spiking neural network simulator
- Speech Coding in the Brain: Representation of Vowel Formants by Midbrain Neurons Tuned to Sound Fluctuations | eNeuro
- HST.723J Neural Coding and Perception of Sound (MIT)
Cochlear nerve
Type I neuron
Type II neurons
Type II neurons
Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory cortex
Superior olivary complex
Lateral lemniscus
Trapezoid body
Organ of Corti
Binaural fusion
Ventral & Dorsal cochlear nucleus
hair cell
Mechanotransduction
Perception
perceptual systems
Principles of grouping
Subjective constancy / Perceptual constancy
Contrast effect
Set (psychology) / perceptual set
Stimulus modality
Multistable perception
Mind's eye
Speech perception
Saṃjñā
Haptic perception
Visual thinking
Transsaccadic memory
Camouflage
Apophenia
Patternicity
Agenticity
Pareidolia
Gambler's fallacy
Hindsight bias
Ambiguous image
Perceptual distortion
About/ Info
- List of optical illusions - Wikipedia
- Illusions @ Kids Environment Kids Health - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Why Optical Illusions Like These Make Your Brain Go Haywire @ WIRED
- 10 Optical Illusions That Will Blow Your Mind (PHOTOS) @ The Huffington Post
- eChalk: Optical illusions
- BrainBashers : Optical Illusions
- Test your Brain with these Top 10 Visual Illusions @ SharpBrains
- Optical Illusions
- Lots and Lots and Lots of Illusions - Kids Environment Kids Health - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Cool Optical Illusions@BrainDen
- 10 BEST Optical Illusions That Will Blow Your Mind - YouTube
- Ten of the greatest optical illusions | Daily Mail Online
- SEE SOME OPTICAL ILLUSIONS - ScienceBob.com
- Optics For Kids - Optical Illusions
- Akiyoshi's illusion pages
- Grand Illusions - Optical Illusions
- Illusion @Sandlots Science
- An Optical Illusion | Optical Illusions and Other Visual Oddities@An Optical Illusio
- The Brain From Top To Bottom @ The Brain.McGill.ca - "Context strongly affects our perceptions...The lighting of a scene is an important factor that the visual system considers to help it identify objects. As soon as you interpret a visual object as possibly being three-dimensional, your visual system immediately tries to determine where the light is coming from, then uses this information to decode the object's properties."
Ideasthesia
Includes : epigenetics
- How to Treat Borderline Personality Disorder Naturally - St.Johns Wart, kava (can be dangerous in high doses), valerian root, same-E,5-htp, Docosahexaenoic acid (vegan friendly can be found)
- What is Oleamide Powder?
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