Info/ About
- "Logotherapy was developed by neurologist and psychiatrist Viktor Frankl. It is considered the "Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy" after Freud's psychoanalysis and Adler's individual psychology. Logotherapy is based on an existential analysis focusing on Kierkegaard's will to meaning as opposed to Adler's Nietzschean doctrine of will to power or Freud's will to pleasure. Rather than power or pleasure, logotherapy is founded upon the belief that it is the striving to find a meaning in one's life that is the primary, most powerful motivating and driving force in humans. A short introduction to this system is given in Frankl's most famous book, Man's Search for Meaning, in which he outlines how his theories helped him to survive his Holocaust experience and how that experience further developed and reinforced his theories." - Wikipedia
- "Logotherapy is founded on a belief that many illnesses or mental health issues are actually due to existential angst. Through his work, Frankl found that people struggled with feelings of meaninglessness, a situation which he referred to as the existential vacuum. Logotherapy can be used to treat a wide range of issues that are existential in nature. " - Good therapy
- @ Good therapy - "Logotherapy is a term derived from “logos,” a Greek word that translates as “meaning,” and therapy, which is defined as treatment of a condition, illness, or maladjustment. Developed by Viktor Frankl, the theory is founded on the belief that human nature is motivated by the search for a life purpose; logotherapy is the pursuit of that meaning for one’s life. Frankl's theories were heavily influenced by his personal experiences of suffering and loss in Nazi concentration camps."
- Logotherapy: Dr. Viktor Frankl’s Search for Meaning - "Dr. Frankl proposed that we have 2 kinds of motivations that we use as our driving force to find meaning.Self-transcendence & Freedom of Will" Search for Meanings lists "Creative Value," Experential Value," and "Attitudinal Value" as ways to find meaning.
- @Meaningful World (dot)com - "In Florida, approximately 30% of those interviewed three months after Hurricane Andrew talked about the positive meanings in their lives. Some of the survivor’s responses were: 'I am alive, thank God,” “I was able to help my neighbor. She was all war, her roof had caved in; mine was OK, you know,'"
- The three main techniques of logotherapy are: Dereflection: Dereflection is used when a person is overly self-absorbed on an issue or attainment of a goal. By redirecting the attention, or dereflecting the attention away from the self, the person can become whole by thinking about others rather than themselves.Paradoxical intention: Paradoxical intention involves asking for the thing we fear the most. For people who experience anxiety or phobias, fear can paralyze them. But by using humor and ridicule, they can wish for the thing they fear the most, thus removing the fear from their intention and relieving the anxious symptoms associated with it.Socratic dialogue: Socratic dialogue is a technique in which the logotherapist uses the own person's words as a method of self-discovery. By listening intently to what the person says, the therapist can point out specific patterns of words, or word solutions to the client, and let the client see new meaning in them. This process allows a person to realize that the answer lies within and is just waiting to be discovered".- Good Therapy
- WHAT IS LOGOTHERAPY AND EXISTENTIAL ANALYSIS? @ Viktor Frankll insitute
- LogoTherapy Institute
- LogoTalk's Youtube channel - "The world's premier podcast on Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy and Existential Analysis."
How to apply it.
Socratic dialogue
- "Characters discuss moral and philosophical problems, illustrating a version of the Socratic method. The dialogues are either dramatic or narrative, and Socrates is often the main character." - Wikipedia
- The Structure and Function of a Socratic Dialogue by Lou Marinoff - "The Question: Questions of the form "What is X?" tend to work best. Thus "What is integrity?", "What is happiness?", "What is liberty?", and “What is justice?" are all good candidates for a Socratic dialogue. The group is encouraged to select its question beforehand if possible, in consultation with the facilitator if need be."
- Socratic dialogue (argumentation) @ About - ""Socratic dialogue," says Koba and Tweed, "is the conversation that results from the Socratic method, a discussion process during which a facilitator promotes independent, reflective, and critical thinking" (Hard-to-Teach Biology Concepts, 2009). Also see: Dialectic.Elenchus.Aporia.Classical Rhetoric.Conversation.Critical Thinking.Dialogue.Dissoi Logoi.Rhetoric"
- What is Socratic Dialogue? By: Andrew Kern - "The first stage is what we can appropriately call by a modern term: deconstruction..Socrates now begins the second stage of his teaching, which he calls remediation. "
- A Modern Example of the Socratic Method The Moral Bankruptcy of Faith - "This dialogue uses the name of Socrates as the questioner. This is not intended to imply that the historical Socrates or Plato would have agreed with my writing. It is merely a self amusing historical convention that I used"
- TAYLOR SWIFT: A SOCRATIC DIALOGUE. BY JARED SMITH
- WHAT IS THE SOCRATIC METHOD? excerpted from Socrates Café by Christopher Phillips -"Scholars call Socrates’ method the elenchus, which is Hellenistic Greek for inquiry or cross-examination."
- Examples of questions for use in Socratic Dialogue - "Am I entitled to give my own interest priority over that of the community? Are there unselfish acts? In what circumstances did I say no, and why? What are the limits of my responsibility for others? What is trust? What does it mean to be courageous? What are the limits of tolerance? Do I always have to be honest? How do I verify that a statement is correct? What is freedom? What is a justified action?"
- What Is the Socratic Method? Definition & Examples
- The Role of Socratic Questioning in Thinking, Teaching, and Learning - "Questions define tasks, express problems and delineate issues. Answers on the other hand, often signal a full stop in thought. "
- Socratic Dialogue Example uploaded by Andrew Luceno
- Socratic Questioning - The National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome uploaed by OneWorld Advertising • Digital - "OneWorld produced 20 clear working scripts of 5 to 7 minutes each to clearly illustrate part of a specific technique to treat PTSD by structuring the content within a dramatic arc. To allow for greater coverage and editing options, and the capability of capturing all the dramatic moments between the therapist and patient, OneWorld provided two cameras and spent time stylizing each location with lighting and props to create a warm and safe feeling. "
- Socratic Questions: Improving Communication uploaded by Ravi Arapurakal - "Using questions to help people see things by asking questions that bring them to an answer one step at a time."
- The Socratic Method of Questioning uploaded by Greg Perry - "This method can be used with students to find out what they truly understand about a topic. It involves using questions and students' own knowledge to create meaning."
- Middle School Socratic Dialogue uploaded by mrspatesmith
- What Socratic Dialogue is Not (Part 1) uploaded by Dura Mater - "An excerpt from a superb lecture series conceived and delivered by Dr. Michael Sugrue."
- A Socratic Dialogue on Love by Mark Selzer and Xabia Wilson
Paradoxical intention
- In psychotherapy, paradoxical intention is the deliberate practice of a neurotic habit or thought, undertaken to identify and remove it. The concept was termed by Dr. Viktor Frankl, the founder of Logotherapy, who advocated for its use by patients experiencing severe forms of anxiety disorders.Used as a counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client's emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction." - Wikipedia
- Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Paradoxical intention - "The techniques involved with Paradoxical intention have been shown to be particularly effective with cases of phobia's and obsessive compulsive disorders. To get an overview of what this treatment looks like one needs to begin with the starting point of anticipatory anxiety. When a clients symptom is evoked they will experience a fearful expectation that whatever they are afraid of might recur, this expectation produces the very fear that they are afraid so the vicious circle of fear is maintained. The clients symptom evokes a phobia, their phobia then provokes the symptoms they experience so then the recurrence of such symptoms reinforce their phobia."
- @Psychological Self Help - "t is called "paradoxical intention" when a person strives to do or wishes for the thing he/she fears or dislikes "
Dereflection
- Living with Meaning: Shift Your Focus Of Attention | Huffington Post - "The principle of dereflection, Dr. Frankl would say, helps us to ignore those aspects of our life and work that should be ignored. It also helps to turn us away from being self-absorbed with our problems and directs us toward the true meanings that beg to be discovered by us. In effect, dereflection encourages us to perceive something new in a situation so that we may let go of our old perceptions and ways of doing."
- Dereflection @ Psychology Concepts - "Dereflection is a technique in logotherapy, where a client is encouraged to shift his attention away from himself, and to focus on other people or on positive things."
- Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy @ time Bon - "The therapist diverts the patients away from their problems towards something else meaningful in the world."
- LogoTalk Radio with Marshall H. Lewis: #21 Logotherapy Technique: Dereflection - "Dereflection is to divert attention away from one's symptoms. Dereflection ignores the self and leads to self-transcendence through focusing attention on someone or something else."
Self-transcendence
Will to Meaning
Meaning in Life
Attitudinal Values
Noogenic neurosis
Dimensional ontology
Hyperintention
Tragic Optimism
The Void (philosophy)
About/Info
- Theories and Techniques - Existential Therapy uploaded by monlon7
- Existential psychotherapy is a philosophical method of therapy that operates on the belief that inner conflict within a person is due to that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. These givens, as noted by Irvin D. Yalom, are: the inevitability of death, freedom and its attendant responsibility, existential isolation, and finally meaninglessness. These four givens, also referred to as ultimate concerns, form the body of existential psychotherapy and compose the framework in which a therapist conceptualizes a client's problem in order to develop a method of treatment. In the British School of Existential therapy (Cooper, 2003), these givens are seen as predictable tensions and paradoxes of the four dimensions of human existence, the physical, social, personal and spiritual realms (Umwelt, Mitwelt, Eigenwelt and Überwelt). The Viennese School of Existential therapy (Längle, 2003b) describes four fundamental existential dimensions as a structural model of therapy. Their accomplishment (therapeutically endorsed by the method of Personal Existential Analysis) leads to personal existential fulfillment." - Wikipedia
- Existential Therapy (dot) com
- @GoodTherapy - "The theories recognize at least four primary existential givens:Freedom and associated responsibility.Death. Isolation.Meaninglessness.
- "Common misperceptions of existential psychotherapy include the following beliefs:There is one distinctive, united existential theory which is free of internal tension and covers all the basic assumptions of existential psychology. There is no difference between existential psychology and existential philosophy.Existential psychology takes an antireligious or anti-spiritual approach, for example, denying the existence of God.
- Existential and humanistic theories are the same thing.Existential psychotherapy involves taking a negative, dark, or pessimistic view of life. The approach is fundamentally an intellectual one. It is only beneficial to people of high intellect, who are not experiencing chronic behavioral or mental health conditions." - Good therapy
- "Existential psychotherapy is based upon the principles of psychodynamic therapy, humanistic and existential psychology, the latter being a movement with roots in the existential philosophy and writings of Heidegger, Husserl, Dostoevsky, Kafka, Camus, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, and others. During the mid-twentieth century, pioneering European clinicians like Otto Rank, Karl Jaspers, Medard Boss, and Ludwig Binswanger were among the first to apply existential principles to the practice of psychotherapy, followed prominently by Viktor Frankl (Vienna), R.D. Laing (London), Rollo May (pictured here) and Irvin Yalom (United States). Existential psychotherapy is often misperceived as some morbid, arcane, pessimistic, impractical, cerebral, esoteric orientation to treatment. In fact, it is an exceedingly practical, concrete, positive and flexible approach." - @ Psychology today
- How Death Can Bring You To Life: Existential Writing Exercises By Gabrielle Gawne-Kelnar - "here’s a well-known existential exercise that’s supposed to really ‘bring death home’ to you. And in so doing, really bring life home…You might already know it. Basically, you take a moment to imagine your own headstone in a cemetery. And then you write what it would say about you. How it would capture a snapshot of your life as it is (which can sometimes highlight the gap between there and where you might yearn for it to be).Or maybe you’ve heard of the other idea of writing your own eulogy? Or perhaps you’ve felt moved by the Canadian blogger Derek Miller’s last blog post, which he wrote to be published after his death (of colon cancer, last week)."
- How to Heal with Existential Therapy by River Lin - Four Main Methods " The first is cultivating a naïve attitude. The second method is facing limitations.The third method is exploring a personal world view.The fourth method is enquiring into meaning
- What is Existential Psychotherapy? And Why it Matters Today. @ Psychology Today - "Choice, personal and social responsibility, integrity of the personality, courage, and authentically facing rather than escaping existential anxiety, anger and guilt are central features of existential psychotherapy. The existential therapist is not confined to the passive, neutral, anonymous and interpretive role of the psychoanalyst. The courage and commitment to truly and genuinely encounter each unique patient is required by the existential therapist, who must not avoid his or her own anxiety by hiding behind a rigid professional persona or rote therapeutic technique. In existential therapy, the human relationship between patient and therapist takes precedence over technical tricks, and, as now corroborated by research, is the basic healing factor in any psychotherapy. Coming to terms with reality-- and one's own inner "demons"-- without denying, avoiding, distorting or sugar-coating it is key to existential therapy."
- Chapter 6 - Existential Therapy @ Quizzlet
How to apply it
- Existential Therapy: Goals & Techniques @ Study (dot)com
- @ Basic Counselling Skills - " Why am I here? • Is there all there is? • What can we make of suffering?• Am I all alone or part of a large whole? Existential therapy acknowledges our most basic conflicts and concerns:• Awareness of our limited lifespan • Our freedom to make choices• Awareness that we are individuals, are separate from others • The threat of meaninglessnes
- EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPY EXERCISES
Existential angst
Existential Crisis
WISH FULFILLMENT
Something , anything & Nothing (concepts)
Existence precedes essence
Lightness (philosophy)
Bad faith (existentialism)
Facticity
Other
Encounter (psychology)
Authenticity (philosophy)
being-for-itself (pour soi)
Being and Nothingness by Jean-Paul Sartre
being-in-itself (en soi)
Anguish
Four worlds
physical dimension (Umwelt)
- @ Edge.org - “ different animals in the same ecosystem pick up on different environmental signals. In the blind and deaf world of the tick, the important signals are temperature and the odor of butyric acid. For the black ghost knifefish, it's electrical fields. For the echolocating bat, it's air-compression waves. The small subset of the world that an animal is able to detect is its umwelt. The bigger reality, whatever that might mean, is called the umgebung.The interesting part is that each organism presumably assumes its umwelt to be the entire objective reality "out there." Why would any of us stop to think that there is more beyond what we can sense?”
- @Wikipedia - “Uexküll theorised that organisms can have different umwelten, even though they share the same environment.”
social dimension (Mitwelt)
- @Wikipedia - “The individual is tasked with the responsibility to achieve a balance between these opposing states in order to derive existential meaning from a social group while maintaining one's autonomy.”
- Mitwelt @ Psychology Lexicon - “A way in which individuals relate to the world by interacting socially with others. The focus is on human rel ationships rather than relationships that are biological or physical “
- Mitwelt our relations with other people we must - PSYCHOLOGY - PPE3003 - “Mitwelt: our relations with other people– we must related to them as people, not things to be used “
- mitwelt - the middle ground @ My Web.Rollins.edu
psychological dimension (Eigenwelt)
- @Psychology Dictionary - “...it the aspect of being in the world that is constituted by the relationship with the self.”
- @Psychology Wiki
spiritual dimension (Überwelt)
- @Wikipedia - “The contradictions that must be faced on this dimension are often related to the tension between purpose and absurdity, hope and despair. People create their values in search of something that matters enough to live or die for, something that may even have ultimate and universal validity. “
- Existential Therapy @ Emmy van Deurzen - “On the spiritual dimension (Überwelt) (van Deurzen-Smith, 1984) we relate to the unknown and thus create a sense of an ideal world, an ideology and a philosophical outlook. It is here that we find meaning by putting all the pieces of the puzzle together for ourselves. “
About/Info
- "Gestalt therapy is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist–client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation.Gestalt therapy was developed by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s and 1950s." - Wikipedia
- @SlideShare
- Gestalt Therapy: An Introduction by Gary Yontef, Ph.D. - "Phenomenology is a discipline that helps people stand aside from their usual way of thinking so that they can tell the difference between what is actually being perceived and felt in the current situation and what is residue from the past.Field theory is a method of exploring that describes the whole field of which the event is currently a part rather than analyzing the event in terms of a class to which it belongs by its "nature" (e.g., Aristotelian classification) or a unilinear, historical, cause-effect sequence (e.g., Newtonian mechanics).Existentialism is based on the phenomenological method. Existential phenomenologists focus on people's existence, relations with each other, joys and suffering, etc., as directly experienced. Existential dialogue is an essential part of Gestalt therapy's methodology and is a manifestation of the existential perspective on relationship.
- Role Play: Gestalt Therapy uploaded by Australian Institute of Professional Counsellors - "Gestalt therapy was developed as a revision to psychoanalysis and focuses on an experiential and humanistic approach rather than analysis of the unconscious which was one of the main therapeutic tools at the time Gestalt therapy was employed.Presented in an authentic and flowing style, this video incorporates a role play demonstrating the key techniques of Gestalt therapy -- demonstrated by counselling professionals and including captions of the specific skill as it is demonstrated."
- The Aesthetic of Otherness: meeting at the boundary of a desensitized world
- AAGT - "an ongoing organic process of gestalt formation. We provide the ground for the enrichment, articulation and support of the constantly emerging figure that is gestalt therapy. We are not part of any other organization.We welcome members of all races, religions, ages, sexual preferences, and differing abilities/disabilities. We attempt to operate on as much of a consensus model as our far flung membership and meeting structure allow.AAGT has a wide international member base including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, teachers, academics, writers, artists, performers, organizational consultants and political and social analysts, activists and students."
- GESTALT THERAPY Provided by the Gestalt Therapy Center of The San Francisco Bay Area - "Unlike psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy does not focus on talking about the client's past. The past is not neglected, but its importance, including that of one's childhood, is not in what happened then, but in how it affects now. "
- Techniques in Gestalt Therapy: Exercises and Experiments @ Study (dot) com
- Gestalt Therapy in Psychological Practice By Kendra A. Palmer - "Confrontation is a part of the client-therapist relationship in the Gestalt framework. Yontef advocates for an “empathic inquiry” focused on awareness when this method is used (Corey, 2009, p. 215). Though the term sounds intimidating, confrontation is not an attack. It can be an invitation for clients to examine their behaviors, attitudes, and thoughts, and to notice incongruities between their verbal and nonverbal expressions (Corey, 2009). Using this technique can be a chance for patients to learn more about themselves. Using it during therapy might be as simple as making an observation, or saying something like, “You say [this], but your face is telling me that you really feel [this].”"
- What is Gestalt Therapy? - Definition and Overview @ Study (dot) com
- @Psychologists Anywhere Anytime - "This approach can be anti-intellectual and can discount thoughts, thought patterns, and beliefs. In the hands of an ineffective therapist, Gestalt procedures can become a series of mechanical exercises, allowing the therapist as a person to stay hidden. Moreover, there is a potential for the therapist to manipulate the patient with powerful techniques, especially in therapy marathons where fatigue may make a patient vulnerable."
- @Student Pulse - "In fact, Gestalt therapy treats feelings in the present and what is observed as palpable and pertinent data (Yontef, 1993). Therapists may ask questions like, “Is my experience the same as yours?” in order to get patients to question their perceptions. Description is valued."
- "Gestalt therapy is practiced in the form of exercise and experiments. It can be administered in individual or group settings. In general, exercises are somewhat established practices in gestalt therapy designed to arouse action, emotion, or goals from the person in therapy. The therapist and person in therapy can then examine the result of the exercise in order to increase awareness and help the person understand the “here and now” of the experience." - Good therapy
- @3rd wave therapies - Short explanation of Gestalt therapy.
Empty chair technique:
It seems that people who write songs "to" someone are already doing this as they are pretending as if they are "talking" to that person.
- Cool Intervention #9: The Empty Chair @Psychology Today -"It is one of a variety of interventions that help people move from talking about something towards the fullness of immediate, present experience - sensation, affect, cognition, movement. The less people are "in touch," or "verbalizing," or abstractly thinking, the more likely therapists are to use this as an expressive technique. It is not used for clients whose emotionality is already dramatic and who may be already subject to emotional "flooding.""
- Empty chair technique from Duval Langston - "The technique involves the client addressing the empty chair as if another person was in it, such as his/her Mom. They may also move between chairs and act out two or more sides of a discussion, typically involving the Client and persons significant to them. A form of role-playing, the technique focuses on exploration of self and is utilized by therapists to help patients self-adjust"."
- Gestalt Therapy "The Empty Chair Technique" Mark Evanoff - "Signature Assignment - Role Play Presentation: Gestalt Therapy "The Empty Chair Technique" on the topic of Bullying - 12th Grade"
- The Empty Chair-Gestalt Theory at Work - " Responsibility is understood, according to Yontef and Simkin, as the "ability to respond" (1989) rather than react. It requires awareness, acknowledging and owning our process."
- @Psychological Self help - "If you imagine anything in the other chair that gives you difficulty, e.g. a person upsetting you, a hated assignment, a goal that is hard to reach, a disliked boss or authority, a temptation to do something wrong, keep in mind that this person or desire is really a part of you right now--it is your fantasy, your thoughts. You may disown it, even dislike it, and think of it as foreign to you, like a "mean old man," "the messed up system," "Bill, the self-centered jerk," "a desire to run away," "the boring, stupid book I have to read," etc., but obviously the things said and felt by you in both chairs are parts of you here and now. Your images, memories, emotions, judgments, expectations about the other person or thing are yours"
- Empty Chair Gestalt Technique by pedro
- The Empty Chair Dialogue in Psychotherapy - "1. Dealing with unresolved grief or other unfinished business with people who are no longer in the client’s life:"
Counterfactual thinking
- "Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. Counterfactual thinking is exactly as it states: "counter to the facts." These thoughts consist of the "What if?" and the "If I had only..." that occur when thinking of how things could have turned out differently. Counterfactual thoughts are things that could never possibly happen in reality, because they solely pertain to events that have occurred in the past." - Wikipedia
- Counterfactual Thinking @ Changing Minds - "Counterfactual thinking is thinking about a past that did not happen. This often happens in 'if only...' situations, where we wish something had or had not happened.This can be so powerful we can change our own memories, adjusting the facts and creating new memories. It can happen to cover up trauma or may be just excuses to avoid facing uncomfortable truths. It can also be to explain what is otherwise unexplainable."
- Counterfactual Thinking, Thought Suppression & the Rebound Effect - Video & Lesson Transcript @ Study.com
- PSY322-Counterfactual Thinking - PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki
- The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking @ NCBI - "Counterfactuals are thoughts about alternatives to past events, that is, thoughts of what might have been. This article provides an updated account of the functional theory of counterfactual thinking, suggesting that such thoughts are best explained in terms of their role in behavior regulation and performance improvement. The article reviews a wide range of cognitive experiments indicating that counterfactual thoughts may influence behavior by either of two routes: a content-specific pathway (which involves specific informational effects on behavioral intentions, which then influence behavior) and a content-neutral pathway (which involves indirect effects via affect, mind-sets, or motivation). The functional theory is particularly useful in organizing recent findings regarding counterfactual thinking and mental health. The article concludes by considering the connections to other theoretical conceptions, especially recent advances in goal cognition."
- The Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking on JSTOR
here-and-now
Gestalt prayer
Topdog vs. underdog
exaggeration exercise
five principle questions
What do you do?
What do you feel?
What do you want?
What do you avoid?
What do you expect?
- Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt Psychotherapy.
What do you feel?
What do you want?
What do you avoid?
What do you expect?
- Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt Psychotherapy.
awareness
phenomenological method
(1) the rule of epoché, (2) the rule of description, and (3) the rule of horizontalization
Dialogical relationship / 4 attributes of dialogue
Inclusion
Presence
Commitment to dialogue & Dialogue is lived - Not including because it includes pushing change, is, in my opinion, a bit shame-y & may trigger.